
Book^ii 



A DISCOUBSE 



THE PUBSUIT OF TEUTH, 



LONDON : PRINTED BY 

6P0TTISW00DE AND CO., NEW-STREET SQUARE 

AND PARLIAMENT STREET 



ON 



THE PURSUIT OF TRUTH 

AS EXEMPLIFIED IN 

THE PRINCIPLES OF EVIDENCE, 
THEOLOGICAL, SCIENTIFIC, AND JUDICIAL. 

A DISCOUESE 
UDeUtjcrcti before tjjc £unbap Sccturc ^ocictp 

March 2, 1873, 

BY 

A. ELLEY FINCH. 



WITH NOTES AND AUTHORITIES. 



LONDON : 
LONGMANS, GEEEN, AND CO. 

1873. 



All riaht." rtstrrecl. 



- 



CM 



SYLLABUS. 



Man distinguished from the lower animals by his intellectual 
faculty for acquiring Knowledge through the medium of Testimony 
— Improvement of his social condition mainly dependent upon the 
right use of such faculty. 

Modern meaning of the Apophthegm of Archimedes — ' If the Edu- 
cational Fulcrum were possessed by Science, it would move the 
World.' 

Extremes of Credulity and Scepticism alike irrational — Basis of 
sound Belief — Faith in the constancy and uniformity of the Order 
of Nature, and in the teaching and analogy of Human Experience. 

Harmony of Beligion and Science — Antagonism of Science and 
Theology. 

Principle of Theological Proof (anticipatio mentis) — Appeal to 
the intuitive consciousness, through Deductive inference from 
(assumed; inspired human assertion. 

Principle of Scientific Proof (interpretatio natures) — Appeal to 
the facts of external Nature, through Inductive experience, from 
Observation and Experiment. 

Illustrations — Evidence of the dogma of the Trinity (theological) 
— Evidence of the composition of Water (scientific). 

Principle of Judicial Proof {lex terrce" 1 ) — Correspondence of the 
rules of legal evidence with the intelligence of the community, and 
standard of belief of the age. 

Improvement of legal evidence parallel to the progress of Scientific 
Discovery and the decline of Theological Dogma. 

Illustrations — Belief in Witchcraft — Culminates under the theology 

1 This barbarous latin phrase, coined by our unscholarly ancestors in their 
struggles to preserve the law of the land against the usurpations of ecclesiastics 
(striving to impose upon the national tribunals the slavish maxims of the civil 
and canon laws), is classical with the lover of English liberty ; and the- talisman 
' lex terra,' enshrined in Magna Charta, remains a permanent memorial of their 
signal sitccess. 



VI SYLLABUS. 

of the Puritans — Extinguished by the scientific scepticism of the 
18th century— Trial of Sir Walter Ealeigh, a.d. 1603— (Theology 
supreme, Science in its dawn) — Laxity of the Law of Evidence sacri- 
fices the life of Sir Walter Ealeigh — Trial of William Hone, a.d. 
1817 — (Science ascendant Theology on the wane) — Strictness of 
the Law of Evidence restores William Hone to liberty, and vindi- 
cates the freedom of the British Political Press. 

Primary purpose of Judicial Inquiry, the Discovery of Truth — 
English Criminal Law of Evidence, in silencing the accused, violates 
the fundamental axiom of Science — ' Interrogation of Nature.' 

Supreme importance of the Canons of Judicial Proof, as disposing 
of Property, Life, and Liberty — The Law of the land as the Moral 
Code of the Community. 

Connexion of the Physical and Moral Laws — Moral Beliefs sifted 
of superstitions, purified from prejudices, and placed paramount to 
theological dogmas, through diffused knowledge of the Truths and 
Methods of the Physical Sciences. 



NOTES. 



PAGE 

A. What is Truth ? 65 

B. The Basis of Belief 69 

C. Real Religion . . . . . . . .75 

D. Mind and Matter 76 

E. The Nature of Knowledge 79 

F. The Bible 81 

G. Astronomy and Geology and Genesis . . . .84 
H. The Theologians and Human Happiness . . . .90 
I. The Studies at the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge . 94 
J. Sir Isaac Neivton and ' The Prophecies ' . . . .98 
K. The Inductive and Deductive Philosophical Methods . 100 



INDEX OF AUTHORITIES AND REFERENCES. 



Abercrombie, J., M.D., Inquiries concerning the Intellectual 
Powers and the Investigation of Truth, 10th ed. J. Murray, 

1840 2 

Amos, Sheldon, M.A. (Professor of Jurisprudence in Univer- 
sity College, London), A Systematic Vieiv of the Science of 
Jurisprudence. Longmans, 1872 . . . . .26 
Arnold, Matthew, D.C.L., Literature and Dogma: An Essay 
towards a letter Apprehension of the Bible. Smith, Elder & 

Co., 1873 52, 100 

Arnott, Neil, M.D., F.R.S., Elements of Physics, or Natural 
Philosophy, 6th ed. Longmans, 
1864 . . . 7,10,24.79 
„ „ A Survey of Human Progress, 2nd 

ed. Longmans, 1862 . . 40 
Austin, J., The Province of Jurisprudence determined. J. 
Murray, 1832 4 

Bacon, Lord, Works, 2 vols. W. Ball, 1837 

„ „ Essays (with annotations by Archbishop Whately). 

Parker & Son, 1838 65 

,, „ De Dignitate et Augmentis Scientiarum . . 39 
„ ,, Novum Organum . . . . . .37 

,, ,, Parasceve ad Historiam Naturalem, fyc. . . 9 

,, ,, Epistolce 42 

Bain, A., LL.D. (Professor of Logic at the University of Aber- 
deen), Mental and Moral Science. Longmans, 1872 . 64, 71 
Barrington, Honble. Daines, Observations on the more Ancient 

Statutes, &c, 4th ed. Bowyer & Nichols, 1775 . . .59 
Bentham, Jeremy, Works of, by J. Hill Burton. Edinburgh, 

1843^ 26 

„ „ Rationale of Judicial Evidence. Vol. 6 of 

above ,, 



X INDEX OF AUTHORITIES AND REFERENCES. 

PAGE 

Biographie Universelle, Ancienne et Moderne, nouvelle edn. 

Bruxelles, 1843-1847 2, 19 

Blackstone, Sir W., Commentaries on the Laws of England 47, 61 
„ „ The Great Charter, with Historical Intro- 

duction, Law Tracts, 2 vols. Oxford, 
Clarendon Press, 1762 ... 60 

Boswell, J., Life of Dr. Johnson (edited by J. W. Croker). 

Murray, 1848 98 

Browne, Harold (Bishop of Ely), An Exposition of the Thirty- 
nine Articles, 3rd ed. Parker & Son, 1856 . . .18 
Brown, Joseph, Q.C., On the Bill to amend the Law of Evi- 
dence, fyc. Sess. Proceedings of the Society for Pro- 
moting the Amendment of the Law, vol. v., No. 14. 
April, 1872 . . . . . 58, 59 
„ Sir Thomas, M.D., Religio Medici. London, Nath. 

Ekins, 1672 10, 31 

Buckle, H. T., History of Civilization in England, 2nd ed. 

Parker & Son, 1858 7, 8, 16, 21, 25, 41, 42, 43, 55, 
64, 72, 81, 94, 102-106 
Burnet, G. (Bishop of Salisbury), History of his own Time. 

{Literature of the Church of England, vol. ii.) . . .76 
Butler, J., D.C.L. (Bishop of Durham), Works by J. Hallifax, 
(Bishop of Gloucester), 2 vols. Oxford, 
University Press, 1850 
„ „ Three Sermonson Human Nature, <J-c.(vol. ii.) 64 

Ciceronis Opera, Delphiniana, Yalpy, 1830. De Officiis . 1 

Clark, W. G., M.A. (Vice-master of Trinity College, Cam- 
bridge), True and False Protestantism. Macmillan, 1871 11, 12 
Cobbe, Frances Power, Broken Lights. Triibner & Co., 1864 . 15 
„ „ Preface to the Works of Theodore 

Parker. Triibner & Co., 1863 . 34 

Colenso, J. W"., D.D. (Bishop of Natal), The Pentateuch and 
Book of Joshua critically examined, Part iv., and Preface 
to the People's ed. Longmans, 1863 . . 14, 15, 34, 90 

Coleridge, S. T., The Friend 41 

Combe, G., Constitution of Man considered in Relation to External 

Objects, 4th ed. Simpkin, Marshall & Co., 1839 63 
,, „ A System of Phrenology, 5th ed. Longmans, 1843 78 
., ,, On the Relation between Science and Religion, 4th 

ed. Simpkin, Marshall & Co., 1857 . . . 4 



INDEX OF AUTHOEITIES AND REFERENCES. XI 

PAGE 

Comte, Auguste, Cours de Philosophie Positive. Translated, &c, 

by Miss H. Martineau, 2 vols. J. Chapman, 1853 5, 63 
Condorcet, M. de, Historical View of the Progress of the Human 
Mind, Translated from the French. London : Johnson, 

1795 11, 12, 49 

Contemporary Review. Strahan & Co., 1872-3 . . .13 
Corpus Juris Civilis, §-c. Gothofredi, Arnstelodami, 1663 

Inst. 55 

Cod 44 

Crabb, G., Digest and Index of all the Statutes. Maxwell & 
Son, 1844 50 

Darwin, C, F.R.S., The Descent of Man. Murray, 1871 . 14 
Davidson, Samuel, D.D., An Introduction to the Old Testament, 
Critical, Historical, and Theological. Williams & Norgate, 

1862 99 

Domville, Sir W., The Sabbath • or, an Examination of the 
Six Texts, $c. Chapman & Hall, 1849 . . . .43 

Essays and Reviews. Parker & Son, 1860 . . 73, 97, 99 

Faraday, Professor, On the Education of the Judgment {Modem 
Culture) 10 

Galton, Francis, F.E.S., Hereditary Genius. Macmillan, 1869 14 
„ „ How Scientific Men are made {Con- 

temporary Review) . . .13 
Gibbon, E., The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman 

Empire. Murray, 1854 . . . . 17, 19 
„ Memoirs of my Life and Writings (vol. i. of the 

above) 17, 35, 43 

Goodwin, C. W., The Mosaic Cosmogony {Essays and Re- 
views) ......... 85, 89 

Greg, W. R., The Creed of Christendom, 2nd ed. Trubner & 

Co., 1863 70, 84 

Grote, George, F.R.S., Plato and the other Companions of 

Socrates. Murray, 1865 61 

Guizot, M., Histoire de la Civilisation en Europe. Paris, 1846 46 

Hallam, H., Introduction to the Literature of Europe, 4th ed. 

Murray, 1844 18 

Herschel, Sir J.. Discourse on the Study of Natural Philosophy. 

Longmans, 1830 ..... 9 
,, ,, Outlines of Astronomy. Longmans, 1850 . 5 



Xll INDEX OP AUTHORITIES AND REFERENCES. 

PAGE 

Home, Rev. T. H., Introduction to the Critical Study of the 
Holy Scriptures, 10th ed. 1856 84 

Hume, David, Essays, fyc, 2 vols. Cadell, 1784 

„ „ An Inquiry concerning Human Understanding 

7, 57, 74 

Huxley, T. H., LL.D., F.R.S., Lay Sermons, Addresses and Re- 
views. Macmillan, 1870 
„ ,, ,, Scientific Education . 3, 44 

„ „ ,, On the Study of Zoology . 20,39 

„ „ „ On Descartes ' Discourse ' 57, 68 

Jowett, B., M.A. (Regius Professor of Greek in the University 
of Oxford), On the Interpretation of Scripture (Essays and 
Reviews) ......... 99 

Laplace, M., Essai Philosophique sur les Probabilites . . 72 
Lecky, W. H., History of the Rise and Influence of Rationalism 

in Europe, 2nd ed. Longmans, 1865 . 41, 57 
„ „ History of European Morals, 2nd ed. Long- 
mans, 1869 64 

Lewes, Gr. H., History of Philosophy, 3rd ed. Longmans, 1867 68 
Liebig, J., Letters on Chemistry in its Relation to Physiology. 

London, 1851 25 

Literature of the Church of England indicated in Selections from 
the Writings of eminent Divines, by Rev. R. Cattermole, 2 

vols. Parker, 1844 76 

Lives of Eminent Persons. Library of Useful Knowledge. 

Baldwin & Cradock, 1832 .98 

Locke, J., Works, 9 vols, Trade ed. London, 1824 

„ Of the Conduct of the Understanding xvi., 13, 21, 61 
„ An Essay concerning Human Understanding . . 78 
A Controversy with the Bishop of Worcester . . „ 
„ Philosophical Works of, by L. A. St. John. Gr. Virtue, 

1843 . „ 

Mackay, C, LL.D., Memoirs of Extraordinary Popular Delu- 
sions, and, the Madness of Croivds, 2nd ed. London : 227 
Strand, 1852 32 

Mackay, R.W., M.A., A Sketch of the Rise and Progress of 
Christianity. Williams and Norgate, 1865 . . .19 

Mackintosh, Sir J., Edinburgh Review, vol. xxxvi. Oct. 1821 . 48 
„ „ History of England. Longmans, 1830 . 60 

Maine, H. S. (Corpus Professor of Jurisprudence in the Uni- 



INDEX OF AUTHORITIES AND REFERENCES. X1U 



versity of Oxford), Ancient Law in Connexion loith the Early 
History of Society, 4 th ed. Murray, 1870 . . .61 

Mansel, H. L., D.D., Prolegomena Logica . . . .68 

Martineau, Harriet, History of the Peace, 1816-1846. W. & 

R. Chambers, 1858 54 

Maury, Croyances et Lege'ndes . . . . . .41 

Middleton, Conyers, A Free Inquiry into the Miraculous Poivers 
ivhich are supposed to have existed in the Christian Church, 
§c. Middleton's Works, vol. ii. London, 1775 . . 40* 

Mill, J. S., A System of Logic, Ratiocinative and Inductive, 3rd 

ed. Parker, 1851 63, 101 

,, ,, Utilitarianism. Parker, 1863 . . . .40 

,, „ Examination of Sir W. Hamilton's Philosophy. 

Longmanc, 1865 69, 71 

,, „ Inaugural Address to University of St. Andrews. 

Longmans, 1867 . . . . . 1, 97 

Modern Culture : Its True Aims and Requirements. Mac- 

millan, 1867 10, 79 

Midler, K. O., History of the Literature of Ancient Greece. 

Parker & Son, 1858 38, 96 

Midler, Max F., M.A., Introduction to the Science of Religion. 
Four Lectures delivered at the Royal Institution. 
Longmans, 1873 13 

Newman, J. H., D.D., An Essay in Aid of a Grammar of 

Assent. Bums, Gates, & Co., 1870 8 

Newton, Sir Isaac, Principia, Analytical Vieiv of, by Lord 
Brougham and E. J. Routh. Long- 
mans, 1855 34 

,, „ Observations upon the Prophecies of Daniel 

and the Apocalypse of St. John . . 98 

Oersted, H. C, The Sotd in Nature. Bohn, 1852 . . 6, 33 

Owen, Richard, D.C.L., F.R.S., Instances of the Power of God 
as manifested in his Animal Creation. Longmans, 1864 . 36 

Paris, Dr., Life of Sir Humphry Davy 31 

Parker, Theodore, Works, by Frances Power Cobbe. Trubner, 
1863 
„ „ A Discourse on Matters pertaining to Re- 
ligion (Vol. i. of above) . . . 37, 83 
Phillimore, J. G., The History and Principles of the Law of 
Evidence as illustrating our Social Progress. Benning & Co., 
1850 ' . . . 2, 28, 30, 31 



XIV INDEX OF AUTHORITIES AND REFrRENCES. 

PAGE 

Plutarch's Lives. Translated by J. & W. Lan^horae. Tegg 

& Son, 1838 3 

Powell (Baden) Rev., Christianity without Judaism. Long- 
mans, 1857 ..... 43 
„ „ On the Order of Nature. Longmans, 

1859 72 

„ „ On the Study of the Evidences of 

Christianity (Essays and Reviews') . 73 

Replies to (Essays and Reviews') ...... 35 

Salmon, Mr., A new Abridgment and Critical Review of the 

State Trials. London, 1737 49 

Sedgwick, Adam, M.A., F.R.S., A Discourse on the Studies of 
the University of Cambridge, 5th ed. Cambridge and Lon- 
don, 1850 . . . . . . . . .4 

Shakespeare, A Midsummer Night's Dream . . . .19 

Smith, W., LL.D., Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography 

and Mythology. Taylor and Walton, 1844 . 2 
„ Dictionary of the Bible. Murray, 1861 . . 90 

„ Eev. Sydney, Edinburgh Review, No. xxix., Oct. 1809 95 
Somerville, Mary, On the Connexion of the Physical Sciences, 

9th ed. Murray, 1858 22, 25 

Spencer,Herbert, First Principles. Williams & Norgate, 1863 72, 77 
Statutes at Large, fyc, by Owen Ruffhead, Esq. Owen and 
Woodfall, 1763, &c. 
9 Henry III., Magna Charta . . . . v, 59, 60 
25 Edward III., ch. ii., A Declaration which Offences 

shall be adjudged Treason 50 

5 & 6 Edward VI., ch. xi., An Act for the Punish- 
ment of divers hinds of Treason . . . .50 

9 George II., ch. v., An Act to repeal the Statute 
made in the first year of the Reign of King James 
the First, intitided '■An Act against Conjuration, 
Witchcraft, and dealing with evil and wicked 
Spirits," 1 (J-c. . . . . . . .31 

32 George III., ch. lx., An Act to remove doubts re- 
specting the functions of Juries in cases of Libel . 44 
41 George III., ch. lxiii., An Act to remove dotibts 
respecting the eligibility of persons in Holy Orders 
to sit in the House of Commons, and to make effectual 
provisions for excluding them from sitting therein . 45 



INDEX OF AUTHOEITIES AND EEFEKENCES. XV 

PAGE 

59 George III., ch. xlvi., An Act to abolish Appeals of 
Murder, Treason, and Felony, fyc, and Wager of 

Battel, §<c. 47 

Stephen, H. J. (Serjeant), A Treatise on the Principles of 
Pleading in Civil Actions, 4th ed. Saunders & 

Benning, 1888 29 

,, James Fitzjames, Q.C., The Indian Evidence Act, 

with an Introduction on the Principles of Judicial 
Evidence. Macmillan, 1872 . . .27, 30 

Taylor, Jeremy (Bishop of Down and Connor), Ductor Dubi- 
iantium ; or, the Pule of Conscience in all general 

Measures, fol. 1660 .40 

„ John Pitt, A Treatise on the Law of Evidence,, fyc, 

6th ed. Maxwell & Son, 1872 . . . .74 
Temple, Dr. (Bishop of Exeter), On the Education of the 

World (Essays and Reviews) ..... 64, 97 
Thomson, T., History of the Royal Society. London, 1812 . 31 
Trial of Sir Walter Raleigh (Salmon's Critical Review of 

the State Trials) 49 

Trial of William Hone (The Three Trials of William Hone). 

Dugdale, 1818 53 

Tyndall, Professor, On Prayer. (Contemporary Review) Oct., 
1872) .56 

Wesley, John, The Journals of London, 1851 . . .32 
Whewell, W., D.D., Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences, 2nd 

ed. Parker. 1847 27 

Wilkins (Bishop of Chester), On the Principles of Natural 

Religion. 1675. (Literature of the Church of England, vol. 

ii., p. 134) 6 

Williams, Dr. Rowland, Bunserfs Biblical Researches (Essays 

and Reviews) ......... 99 

Wills, William, An Essay on the Principles of Circumstantial 

Evidence, 4th ed. Butterworth, 1862 . . . .27 

Yonmans, Edward L., M.D., On the Scientific Study of Human 
Nature (Modern Culture) . . . . . . .79 

Young, Edward, LL.D., The Lament ; or Night Thoughts (Chal- 
mers English Poets. Trade ed. London, 1810. Vol. xiii.) 33 



1 We should contend earnestly for the truth, but we should first be 
sure that it is truth, or else we fight against God, who is the G-od of 
truth. . . . Truth, whether in or out of fashion, is the measure of 
knowledge, and the business of the understanding. ... It is not safe 
to play with error, and dress it up to ourselves or others in the shape 
of truth. The mind by degrees loses its natural relish of solid truth. 
. . . We should keep a perfect indifferency for all opinions, not wish 
any of them true, or try to make them appear so, but, being indifferent, 
receive and embrace them according as evidence, and that alone, gives 
the attestation of truth. . . . The right use and conduct of the under- 
standing, whose business is purely truth and nothing else, is, that the 
mind should be kept in a perfect indifferency, not inclining to either 
side any further than evidence settles it by knowledge. . . . Evidence, 
therefore, is that by which alone every man is (and should be) taught to 
regulate his assent, who is then, and then only, in the right way when 
he follows it.' 

Locke's Conduct of the Understanding, ss. 11, 24, 33, 34, 42. 



THE PURSUIT OF TRUTH. 1 



In an eloquent passage of the treatise ' De Officiis ' 
Cicero assures us that ' before all other things Man is 
distinguished by his pursuit and investigation of Truth. 
. . . That whatsoever is true, simple, and direct, the 
same is most congenial to our nature as men.' 2 

1 See Appendix, Note A. 

2 The noble sentiments of this ' heathen ' philosopher are well 
worth citing : — ' In primis, hominis est propria veei inquisitio atque 
investigatio. Itaque cum sumus negotiis necessariis, curisque vacui, 
turn avemus aliquid videre, audire, ac dicere, cognitionemque rerum, 
ant occultarum aut admirabilium, ad bene beateque vivendum ne- 
cessarium ducimus ; ex quo intelligitur, quod verum, simplex, sin- 
cerumque sit, id esse naturae hominis aptissimum. Huic veri 
vivendi cupiditati adjuncta est appetitio qu&dam principatus . . . ; 
ex quo animi magnitudo existit, et humanarum rerum contemtio.' 
Cicero. De Officiis, lib. i. s. 18. 

' The most incessant occupation of the human intellect throughout 
life is the ascertainment of truth. We are always needing to know 
what is actually true about something or other. . . . Our direct 
perceptions of truth are so limited ; we know so few things by 
immediate intuition, or as it used to be called, by simple apprehen- 
sion — that Ave depend for almost all our valuable knowledge on 
evidence external to itself; and most of us are very unsafe hands at 
estimating evidence, where an appeal cannot be made to actual eye- 
sight. ... In what consists the principal and most characteristic 
difference between one human intellect and another? In their 
ability to judge correctly of evidence.' — J. S. Mill. Inaugural 
Address to the University of St. Andrew, pp. 43-45. 

' The reception of facts upon the evidence of testimony must be 
B 



2 THE PURSUIT OF TRUTH. 

Of the several characteristics which seem to separate 
the nature of the human beina; from that of the lower 
animal life, none appears to be more distinctive than 
that intellectual faculty, whereby man is endowed with 
the power of acquiring knowledge through the medium 
of Testimony. 1 The social progress which our race 
has made, indications of which are conspicuous on 
almost every page of authentic history, can be clearly 
traced to the use which man has made of such his pre- 
eminent intellectual gift. 

It is related of the great mechanical genius of 
antiquity, 2 the unrivalled resources of whose fertile 

considered as a fundamental principle of our nature.' — Abercrombie, 
On the Intellectual Powers and the Investigation of Truth, p. 79. 

1 ' Though the full knowledge of truth belongs to God alone, yet 
is the pursuit of it man's most exalted privilege, as indifference to it 
is the attribute of the beasts that perish. What light is to the body, 
that evidence is to the soul ; Avhat the one is without, that the other 
is within ; and it would be, if I may borrow Lord Bacon's imagery, 
as reasonable to suppose, because light is insensible to the touch, 
that it is without value, as to suppose that any rules for the inves- 
tigation of truth can be without importance to the philosophical 
inquirer. ... To suppose that any fact can be known to any intel- 
lect without evidence, is absurd and implies a contradiction. If a 
fact is evident to any understanding, there must be evidence of it 
visible to that understanding.' — Phillimore's History and Principles 
of the Law of Evidence, pp. v. 3, 4. 

2 By Pappus (a.d. 379-395). — 'Pappus, en lui faisant dire qu'il 
ne demandait qu'un point d'appui pour mouvoir la terre, exprime 
l'espece d'enthousiasme que lui avait inspire la puissance que les 
machines ajoutent aux efforts de l'homme.' — Biographic universelle. 
Archimede. The saying itself is not referred to in the life of Archi- 
medes in Smith's Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography, but 
Plutarch, in his life of Marcellus, says— ' Archimedes one day 
asserted to King Hiero this proposition, that with a given power he 
could move any given weight whatever, nay he ventured to affirm 
that if there were another earth besides this we inhabit, by going on 



THYSICAL SCIENCE. o 

invention were the astonishment of his contemporaries, 
and have hitherto proved to be the despair of his 
successors, that he was accustomed to declare, that if 
he could only obtain a fulcrum, he could move the 
Earth. The imputed sayings of ancient sagacity, borne 
down to us on the stream of time, whether in their 
origin historical or mythical, be their meaning meta- 
phorical or literal, have usually disclosed to critical 
scrutiny the pregnant germs of latent Truth ; and this 
striking apophthegm of Archimedes seems plainly 
enough thus to speak to modern intelligence : — ' If 
society could be induced to yield to Physical Science that 
Educational fulcrum so long usurped by Superstition, 
the professors of Science, using only the opportunities, 
and armed only with the influence, which theologians 
have, now for several centuries, so vainly wielded, 
would speedily be enabled to move the World !' x Move 
it, in the direction of human happiness, by means of 

to that, he would move this wherever he pleased.' — Plutarch's Lives, 
translated by Langlwrne — Life of Marcellus, p. 221. 

1 ' In these times the educational tree seems to have its roots in the 
air, its leaves and flowers in the ground ; and I confess I should 
very much like to turn it upside down, so that its roots might be 
solidly embedded among the facts of Nature, and draw thence a 
sound nutriment for the foliage and fruit of literature and of art. No 
educational system can have a claim to permanence, unless it re- 
cognises the truth that education has two great ends to which every- 
thing else must be subordinated. The one of these is to increase 
knowledge ; the other is to develope the love of right, and the hatred 
of wrong. . . . At present, education is almost entirely devoted to 
the cultivation of the power of expression, and of the sense of literary 
beauty. ... I think I do not err in saying that if science were 
made the foundation of education, instead of being, at most, stuck 
on as a cornice to the edifice, this state of things could not exist.' — 
Huxley, ' Scientific Education] Lay Sermons, pp. 76, 77. 
b 2 



4 THE PURSUIT OF TRUTH. 

the dissemination of Truth, especially those co-related 
truths which Science herself has discovered, to which 
she has given the appellation ' Laws of Nature,' and 
which she regards as the commandments of Almighty- 
Power * — obedience to which, as it ensures man's 
greatest happiness on Earth, thereby proves itself to 
be his highest duty ; infringement of which, as it 
brings with it inexorable punishment, thereby proves 
itself to be the violation of Almighty Will. 

1 Commandments in the truest sense of the term. — ' A command 
is distinguished from other significations of desire, not by the style 
in which the desire is signified, but by the ability and purpose of 
the power commanding to inflict evil or pain in case the desire be 
disregarded.' — Austin's Province of Jurisprudence determined, p. 6. 
' If there be a superintending Providence, and if His will be mani- 
fested by general laws, operating both on the physical and moral 
world, then must a violation of these laws be a violation of His will, 
and be pregnant with inevitable misery. . . . Nothing can, in the 
end, be expedient for man, except it be subordinate to those laws 
the Author of Nature has thought fit to impress on his moral and 
physical creation.' — Professor Sedgwick's Discourse on the Studies 
of the University of Cambridge, p. 81. ' By punishment I mean the 
natural evil which follows the breach of each physical, organic, and 
moral law. I regard the natural consequence of the infraction not 
only as inevitable, but as pre-ordained by the Divine Mind for a 
purpose : that purpose appears to me to be to deter intelligent 
beings from infringing the laws instituted by God for their welfare. 
When people in general think of physical laws, they perceive the 
consequences which these produce to be natural and inevitable; but 
they do not sufficiently reflect upon the intentional preordainment 
of these consequences, as a warning or instruction to intelligent 
beings for the regulation of their conduct. It is the omission of this 
element that renders the knowledge which is actually possessed of 
the natural laws of so little use. . . . God's object or purpose in this 
preordainment is rarely thought of; and the most flagrant and even 
deliberate infractions of the natural laws are spoken of as mere acts 
of imprudence, without the least notion that the infringer is con- 
temning a rule deliberately framed for his guidance by Divine 
wisdom and enforced by Divine power.' — G. Combe's Relation between 
Science and Religion, pp. 97, 98. 



THE NATURE OF BELIEF. 5 

It is hardly possible to enter upon an exposition of 
the Principles of Evidence, without some preliminary 
consideration of the nature of Belief: for nothing is 
more noticeable, on historical review, than the oscilla- 
tions which the human mind appears to have undergone 
with respect to its intellectual beliefs; ranging on the 
one hand from the most childish credulity, when fabu- 
lous and miserable absurdities were welcomed as sober 
and important truths, to the most irrational incredulity 
on the other hand, when nothing whatever was deemed 
worthy of credit, unless it could be demonstrated by 
such an amount of mathematical proof as is really 
only strictly applicable to some branches of the exact 
sciences ; 1 whereas, things of several kinds require 
several sorts of proof, for all evidence must be more 

1 It is conceivable that every intelligible proposition of every 
known science may be ultimately reducible to an equation, expressed 
in weight (gravity) or numbers. In such case mathematical ana- 
lysis would be the true rational basis of the whole system of our 
positive knowledge. ' The limitations of mathematical science are not 
in its nature, but in our intelligence ; the domain of science being 
restricted with us in proportion as phenomena, in becoming special, 
become complex. Mathematics is the most powerful instrument 
that the human mind can employ in the investigation of the laws 
of natural phenomena, and by such application have been manifested 
by experiment the laws which rule the intellect in the investigation of 
truth. European education, still essentially theological, metaphysical, 
and literary, must be superseded by a scientific training conformable 
to our time and needs.' — Comte's Positive Philosophy, vol. i. ch. 1. 

Admission to the sanctuary of science is only to be gained by one 
means — ' Sound and sufficient knowledge of mathematics, the great 
instrument of all exact enquiry, without which no man can ever 
make such advances in this or any other of the higher departments 
of science as can entitle him to form an independent opinion on any 
subject of discussion within their range.' — Sir J. Herschel's Outlines 
of Astronomy, p. 5. 



b THE PUESUIT OF TEUTH. 

or less congruous and proportioned to the nature of the 
subject to verify which it is to be applied. 1 Two im- 
portant propositions seem deducible from historical 
study of the subject. The one is : that whenever 
gross ignorance of natural (i.e. physical) knowledge 
has prevailed, such for instance as that which charac- 
terised the middle or dark ages, there will be found a 
corresponding degree of superstition, 2 that is, over- 
belief in the manifestation of the supernatural, and 
that the apostles of superstition have always inculcated 
the mental habit of belief or credulity in preference to 

1 ' Such things as in themselves are equally true and certain, may 
not yet be capable of the same kind or degree of evidence as to 
us. . . . All truths are in themselves equal, according to that ordi- 
nary maxim, — Veritas non recipit magis et minus. . . . Things of 
several kinds may admit and require several sorts of proofs, all 
which may be good in their kind. . . . That it is not, ought not to 
be, any prejudice to the truth or certainty of anything, that it is not 
to be made out by such kind of proofs, of which the nature of that 
thing is not capable, provided it be capable of satisfactory proofs of 
another kind. . . . The asserting such things upon insufficient evi- 
dence, which is called credulity, and the not assenting to them upon 
sufficient evidence, which is called incredulity, are both of them vices.' 
Bishop Wilkins, Principles of Natural Religion, ch. 3, ss. 1,2, 6. 

2 With respect to the influence of experimental natural science 
on the development of the mind Oersted observes — ' How much 
has it not contributed to banish superstition, that mental malady ? 
. . . By natural science the soul is brought into inward peace 
and unison with the whole of Nature, and is delivered from every 
superstitious fear, which always originates in the idea that it is 
possible that powers which are contrary to the order of Reason 
might intrude into the eternal course of Nature. This science does 
not only teach, but proves — not merely proves, but places clearly 
before our view — that Nature acts according to eternal laws, and 
that these laws are constituted as the mandates of an infinite per- 
fect reason, so that the friend of Nature lives in a constant contem- 
plation of the omnipresent Divinity.' — Oersted's Soul in Nature, pp. 
196, 452. 



IMPORTANCE OF SCEPTICISM. 7 

the habit of doubt or scepticism ; x the reason really 
being, that doubt leads to enquiry, enquiry leads to 
knowledge, and that knowledge has always proved 
fatal to superstition. 2 The other proposition is this — 
the methods of enquiry, as well as the discoveries, of 
the Physical Sciences have taught men to exact a 
severity of standard and strictness of proof that teachers 
of Theology, dealing for the most part with subjects 
inaccessible to the human reason, or respecting which 
there exists no trustworthy information, 3 have, in their 

1 ' Scepticism, the very name of winch is an abomination to the 
ignorant ; because it disturbs their lazy and complacent minds ; 
because it imposes on them the fatigue of inquiry ; and because it 
rouses even sluggish understandings to ask if things are as they are 
commonly supposed, and if all is really true which they from their 
childhood have been taught to believe. . . . By scepticism I 
merely mean hardness of belief; so that an increased scepticism is 
an increased perception of the difficulty of proving assertions ; or, 
in other words, it is an increased application and an increased dif- 
fusion of the rules of reasoning and of the laws of evidence.' — 
Buckle, Hist, of Civilization, vol. i. pp. 308, 327, note 4. 

' Scepticism may be understood in a very reasonable sense, and 
is a necessary preparative to the study of philosophy, by preserving 
a proper impartiality in our judgments, and weaning our minds from 
all those prejudices which we may have imbibed from education or 
rash opinion. To begin with clear and self-evident principles, to 
advance by sure steps, to review frequently our conclusions, and 
examine accurately all their consequences . . . are the only 
methods by which Ave can ever hope to reach truth.' — Hume's 
Enquiry concerning Human Understanding, sec. xii. 

2 ' Wherever considerable knowledge of Nature exists, debasing 
and gloomy superstition must cease.' — Dr. Arnott's Elements of 
Physics, Introduction, vol. i. p. xxviii. 

3 ' Theological subjects, respecting which we have no trustworthy 
information, and no means of obtaining any — On these topics, different 
persons and different nations, equally honest, equally enlightened, 
and equally competent, have entertained and still entertain the most 
different opinions, which they advocate with the greatest confidence, 



O THE PURSUIT OF TRUTH. 

own department of knowledge been wholly unable to 
supply, so that hence has ensued a reaction in favour of 
the simplicity, directness, and certainty of scientific 
proof; producing in some minds a tendency to a 
degree of incredulity in religious and moral matters, 
probably no less irrational than the opposite extreme of 
credulity ; for if unbounded credulity betrays a weak 
mind, unlimited scepticism shows a contracted one. 
To draw from these propositions a hard and fast line, 
applicable to all cases, and that should show where 
belief degenerates into credulity, and what degree of 
suspension of assent amounts to no more than reason- 
able scepticism, would hardly be practicable ; but the 
prevalent opinion of the educated lay class of our day, 
derived undoubtedly from the prodigious development 
of physical science, may, I think, be generalised to this 
formula, viz. : That the basis of all sound belief is 
faith in the constancy and uniformity of the Laws and 
Order of Nature, and in the teachings and analogy of 
human experience. 1 

and support by arguments perfectly satisfactory to themselves, but 
contemptuously rejected by their opponents. . . . These questions, 
if they do not transcend the limits of the human understanding, do, 
certainly, transcend its present resources, and have no chance of 
being answered, while other and much simpler problems are still 
unsolved.' — Buckle, Hist, of Civilization, vol. ii. p. 577. 

' It may be urged then that time was when the firirnary truths of 
science were unknown, and when in consequence various theories 
were held, contrary to each other. . . . Now theology is at present 
in the very same state in which natural science was five hundred 
years ago ; and this is the proof of it — that instead of there being one 
received theological science in the world, there are a multitude of 
hypotheses.' — An essay in aid of the Grammar of Assent, by J. H. 
Newman, D.D., p. 233. 

1 See Appendix, Note B. 



HARMONY OF RELIGION AND SCIENCE. 9 

Let me here guard some of you against being de- 
luded by that very specious, and probably designed, 
though now indeed somewhat vulgar, assertion, that 
Eeligion and Science are at variance. 1 Every man of 
true science will, I know, confirm me in saying that 
such assertion, proceed whence it may, is a scandal 
and a falsity. That between real Eeligion 2 and true 
Science antagonism is impossible, because, though the 
bases on which they stand seem separate, yet Eeligion 
and Science are strictly correlative, each being but a 
different method of presenting to the human under- 
standing such ideas as it can comprehend or discover 
of the various ways, intentions, and powers of the 
Almighty Creator. So then, whilst Eeligion, Bible in 
hand, is preaching to us those ways and powers under 
its own designation of ' God's Word,' Science, with 
equal reverence, reading the Book of His Works, 3 may 

1 ' Science is vilified by representing it as opposed to Religion — 
trammelled by mistaken notions of the danger of free enquiry. 
Truth can never be opposed to truth. Error is only to be effec- 
tually confounded by searching deep and tracing it to its source. 
The credit of any evidence may be destroyed by tampering with 
its honesty — the grand and only character of truth is its capability 
of enduring the test of universal experience, and coming unchanged 
out of every form of fair discussion. But we must take care that 
the testimony afforded by science to religion, be its extent and 
value what it may, shall be at least independent, unbiassed, and 
spontaneous.' — Sir J. Herschel's Discourse on the Study of Natural 
Philosojyhy, pp. 9, 10. 

2 See Appendix, Note C. 

3 'Volumen Operum Dei . . . tanquam Scriptura altera.' — 
Bacon, Parasceve, aph. ix. ' Thus, there are two books from 
which I collect my Divinity ; besides that written one of God, 
another of his" servant Nature, that universal and public Manu- 
script, that lies expans'd unto all ; those that never saw Him in the 



10 THE PURSUIT OF TRUTH. 

explain to us their infinite wonder and majesty under 
its own term ' Laws of Nature ; ' for, though Eeligion 
seems specially related to Spirit, and Science to be 
limited to Matter, yet all that is known of Spirit and 
Matter 1 points to the conclusion that they are but 
different aspects of the selfsame mystery or underlying 
reality, twin figures of speech for expressing the diver- 
sity of human knowledge concerning the unity of the 
Power, Wisdom, and Benevolence of the Divine Eternal 
Mind. 

But, though it be true that Religion and Science are 
in unison, so much cannot be said for those meta- 
physical and dogmatical man-concocted systems of 
human thought and language included in the collective 
term Theology. 2 It must be confessed that, whilst 
Eeligion and Science will always reign in harmony, 
between Science and Theology there will probably be 
in the future, as now, and in the past, internecine war. 

one, have discovered him in the other.' — Sir T. Brown's Religio 
Medici, s. 16. ' For the book of Nature, which Ave have to read, 
is written with the finger of God.' — Faraday, On the Education of 
the Judgment. Modern Culture, p. 203. ' There have been, how- 
ever, at various times, even among Christians, sincere, but imper- 
fectly informed men, who decried the study of the Natural Sciences, 
as inimical to true religion ; as if God's ever-visible and magnifi- 
cent revelation of his attributes in the structure of the universe 
could be at variance with any other revelation.' — Dr. Arnott's Ele- 
ments of Physics, Introduction, vol. i. p. xxviii. 

1 See Appendix, Note D. 

2 ' As Mr. Froude says, in his strong epigrammatic way : " God 
gave the Gospel, and the Father of Lies invented Theology." We 
wish to destroy that dogmatism which prohibits by threats and 
penalties the Christian virtues of truthfulness and courage, which 
fosters by promises and rewards the unchristian vices of hypocrisy 
and cowardice, which has sown division where there should have 



ANTAGONISM OF SCIENCE AND THEOLOGY. 11 

Eeligious and Scientific Truth are one that God hath 
joined, but one that Theologians have sought to put 
asunder ; for contempt of human Science, however 
masked, has always been a fundamental feature of 
Theology. That spirit of investigation and doubt, that 
confidence which Science teaches man to place in the 
conclusions of his own reason, when brought into re- 
lation with the phenomena of the external world, 1 are 
fatal to every theological system that the world has 
yet seen ; for there is not one that cannot be shown to 
have been originally founded on ignorance of the Laws 
of Nature, not one that does not require its disciples to 
swallow several physical absurdities ; belief in which a 
fearless application of scientific methods of enquiry 
would succeed in exploding, by subjecting theological 
dogmas to the test of reason, in other words, compelling 
theologians to employ in their search after Truth the 
only means man can be proved to possess for its dis- 
covery. 2 Dogmatic theology, though in fact consisting 
of the thoughts and opinions of fallible men, is, in a 
Protestant country, professed to be exclusively based 

been union, which in earlier times deluged Europe with blood, and 
which even to this day employs in petty strife with each other those 
energies which the ministers of Christ should direct in common 
accord to the instruction of ignorance and the repression of vice.' — - 
True and False Protestantism, by W. G. Clark, M.A , Vice-Master 
of Trinity College, Cambridge, p. 80. 

1 See Appendix, Note E. 

2 Condorcet — Historical View of the Progress of the Human Mind, 
pp. 128, 246. 'All errors in politics and in morals are founded 
upon philosophical mistakes, which, themselves, are connected with 
physical errors. There does not exist any religious system, or super- 
natural extravagance, which is not founded on an ignorance of the 
laws of Nature.' — Ibid. p. 298. 



12 THE PURSUIT OF TRUTH. 

upon an infallible book, x the Bible, 2 which, we should 
ever bear in mind, is not a single book, but a collection 
of books, bound up indeed together, but written by 
different authors at different times, extending over a 
period exceeding 1,000 years — the whole being so com- 
posed, to whatever extent inspired, as to constitute a 
body of literature so difficult to comprehend, that the 
endeavours of the human mind to ascertain its mean- 
ings have given rise probably to a greater variety and 
conflict of opinions than have resulted from any similar 
known collection in the world. 3 But, it cannot be 

1 ' All the creeds and dogmatic systems of Protestant theology 
rest upon the assumption of the absolute infallibility of the whole 
Bible. If this assumption be disproved, all the dogmas which have 
been built upon it must fall together. And it has been disproved 
by science and criticism, and must ere long be rejected by the com- 
mon sense, and common conscience of mankind. Habit and preju- 
dice have a strong power of resistance, but the ultimate triumph of 
reason is certain.' — Clark's True and False Protestantism, p. 26. 

2 See Appendix, Note F. 

3 ' There are eight book religions of the world — viz. Brahmanism, 
Zoroastrianism, Buddhism, the Religion of Confucius, the Religion 
of Lao-tse, Mosaism, Christianity, and Mahommedanism. With 
these eight religions the library of the sacred books of the whole 
human race is complete. . . . Look at the enormous literature 
devoted to the interpretation of the Old Testament, and the number 
of books published every year on controversial points in the doctrine 
or history of the Gospels, and you may then form an idea of what 
a theological library would be that should contain the necessary 
materials for a scholarlike interpretation of these eight sacred codes. 
In reference to Brahmanism alone the Vedas constitute the text 
only for numberless treatises, essays, manuals, glosses, &c, forming 
an uninterrupted chain of theological literature, extending over 
more than three thousand years, and receiving new links even at 
the present time. There are, besides, the inevitable parasites of 
theological literature, the controversial writings of different schools 
of thought and faith, all claiming to be orthodox, yet differing from 



THEOLOGICAL MENTAL HABITUDES. 13 

surprising that educated persons, with minds saturated, 
from earliest infancy, with creeds, catechisms, liturgies, 
and sermons, inheriting probably the mental habitudes 
of ancestors, whose minds for many generations have 
been similarly saturated, find it a task of no ordinary 
difficulty to read the Bible, otherwise than through the 
spectacles of their theology. 1 The great biblical critic 

each other like day and night ; and lastly, the compositions of 
writers, professedly at variance with the opinions of the majority, 
declared enemies of the Brahmanic faith and priesthood, whose 
accusations and insinuations, whose sledge-hammers of argument, 
and whose poisoned arrows of invective, need fear no comparison 
with the weapons of theological warfare in any other country.' — 
— Max Midler's Introduction to the Science of Religion, pp. 106, 
108, 109. 

1 ' Many men firmly embrace falsehood for truth ; not only 
because they never thought otherwise, but also because, thus 
blinded as they have been from the beginning, they never could 
think otherwise ; at least without a vigour of mind able to contest 
the empire of habit, and look into its own principles ; a freedom 
which few men have the notion of; it being the great art and 
business of the teachers and guides in most sects, to suppress as 
much as they can this fundamental duty which every man owes 
himself.' — Locke's Conduct of the Understanding, sec. 41. The 
extent to which mental habitudes are the result of inheritance 
through the intellectual culture of ages, has not yet been suffi- 
ciently considered. The doctrine was first explicitly and ably put 
forth by the late George Combe in his ' Constitution of Man,' &c, 
since then by Mr. Herbert Spencer — and it has recently been more 
thoroughly pursued by Dr. Carpenter in his able articles in the 
' Contemporary Keview,' March, April, &c, 1873. I venture to 
think however that the most powerful grasp of the entire subject 
has been taken by Mr. Francis Galton in his ' Hereditary Genius ' 
and in his article also in the ' Contemporary Review ' — ' How 
Scientific Men are Made.' 1 He observes with great scientific pro- 
bability, ' that a man's abilities are derived by inheritance, under 
exactly the same limitations as are the form and physical features 
of the whole organic world. Consequently, as it is easy, notwith- 
standing these limitations, to obtain by careful selection a perma- 



14 THE PURSUIT OF TRUTH. 



of our age has told us, in all the frankness of his honest 
nature, that it was as a missionary to the heathen, when 
compelled to expound the very text itself to the simple- 
minded savage, that he, bishop Colenso, for the first 
time found himself mentally face to face with those 
improbabilities, inconsistencies, and contradictions to 
Science, that encrust the pages of the Pentateuch; 
imperfections which the brave bishop has since, by the 
conscientious application of his consummate mathe- 
matical talents, placed so clearly before the eyes of his 
countrymen, that now, ' all who run may read ' them. 1 

nent breed of dogs or horses gifted with peculiar powers, &c, so it 
would be quite practicable to produce a highly-gifted race of men 
by judicious marriages during several consecutive generations.' In 
reference to the position in the text, he shows as an inductive 
generalisation from statistical facts ' that a pious disposition is 
decidedly hereditary.' — Hereditary Genius, by Francis Galton, pp. 
1, 274. See also to the like effect Darwin's Descent of Man, vol. ii. 
p. 403. 

1 The Pentateuch and Booh of Joshua critically examined, by the 
Eight Rev. John William Colenso, D.D., Bishop of Natal. ' In this 
(People's) edition of my work on the Pentateuch I have desired to 
place, in a clear and intelligible form, before the eyes of the general 
reader, the main arguments which have been advanced in my first 
four Parts, as proving the unhistorical character, the later origin, and 
the compound authorship, of the five books usually attributed to Moses. 
Hitherto I have addressed myself to the Clergy and to the more 
highly-educated among the Laity ; and the difficulties connected 
Avith the strict scientific treatment of the subject, have confined, of 
course, the study of my work to a comparatively limited, though 
still in itself extensive, circle. But now I address the general public. 
I should feel indeed, that unless I had first stated at length, for the 
consideration and examination of the learned, the grounds on which 
my conclusions are based, I should not be justified in bringing the 
discussion of these questions in this form within the reach of the 
People at large. But a long interval has now elapsed, since my 
First Part was published ; and I have sufficiently tested the validity 



PRINCIPLES OP PROOF. 15 

In proceeding to bring our abstract ideas of the 
pursuit of Truth to bear upon the concerns of actual 
life, we shall find that they conveniently range them- 
selves under three distinct heads : first, in relation to 
those human systems of religious thought which con- 
stitute Theology proper ; secondly, in relation to that 
connected knowledge which has arisen from the inter- 
course of mind with Nature (commercium mentis et 
rerum) termed Physical Science ; and thirdly, in rela- 
tion to Law, in its limited meaning of those human 
rules for regulating the affairs of life which are admin- 
istered by Judicial tribunals ; and it will be found on 
examination that Principles of Evidence appear to 
differ widely in their nature, according as they are 
regarded from the point of view of each of these dis- 
tinct systems of knowledge. Thus, the principle of 
theological proof will be seen to resolve itself into an 

of my arguments by the character of the answers which have been 
given to them.' — Advertisement to the People's Edition. 

' The isolated objections to the historical veracity of the Pen- 
tateuch have been marshalled for the first time (by Bishop Colenso) 
in such array, as that their immense force becomes revealed at a 
glance, and for the first time the nation at large has been admitted 
to behold the sight.' — Broken Lights, byF. P. Cobbe, Appendix 1. 

' We have simply treated the history as containing, or professing 
to contain, an authentic narrative of matters of fact. We have taken 
it and placed it, as we have been so earnestly urged to do {Quart. 
Review, Oct. 1861, p. 369) "in the crucible and under the microscope 
of strict Inductive Logic,'' 1 and we have found it full of unsuspected 
Haws, of " difficulties, contradictions, improbabilities, and impos- 
sibilities." But we have also seen that these phenomena have arisen 
in a great measure from the fact, that the Pentateuch is not, as the 
traditionary view assumes, the work of one single writer, Moses, — 
but a composite work, the product of several different authors, who 
lived in different ages.' — Colenso, On the Pentateuch, Part iv. ch. ix. 



16 THE PURSUIT OF TRUTH. 

appeal to the intuitive human consciousness, to vouch 
by its own feeling for the truth of propositions, which, 
investigated historically, can be distinctly tracked to 
their source in human assertions, uttered in a remote 
antiquity, and acquiesced in as, or assumed to be, 
inspired ; theological proofs being externally either 
such assertions themselves, or conclusions deduced 
from them by the most ingenious exercise of the 
human intellect ; for, though theological belief does, in 
its last resort, undoubtedly rest on faith, yet, in the 
elaboration of that wily and elastic dialectical system 
from the intense study of which the most abject faith 
is seen to result, very acute and subtle powers of 
mind have been skilfully exercised by the ablest intel- 
lects through almost endless generations. 

Turning for the moment from a subject no less dif- 
ficult for the mind itself to grasp, than it is to explain 
to common sense, 1 and directing our attention to the 

1 ' It would be strange if we, who, notwithstanding the advances 
we have made, are still in the infancy of our career, and who, like 
infants, can only walk with unsteady gait, and are scarce able to 
move without stumbling, even on plain and level ground, should, 
naithless, succeed in scaling those dizzy heights, which, overhanging 
our path, lure us on where we are sure to fall. Unfortunately how- 
ever, men are, in every age, so little conscious of their deficiencies, 
that they not only attempt this impossible task, but believe that 
they have achieved it. Of those who are a prey to this delusion 
there are always a certain number, who, seated on their imaginary 
eminence, are so inflated by the fancied superiority, as to undertake 
to instruct, to warn, and to rebuke, the rest of mankind. Giving 
themselves out as spiritual advisers, and professing to teach what 
they have not yet learned, they exhibit in their own persons that 
most consistent of all combinations, a combination of great ignorance 
with great arrogance. From this other evils inevitably follow. The 
ignorance produces superstition ; the arrogance produces tyranny.' 
— Buckle, Hist, of Civilization, vol. ii. p. 578. 



THEOLOGICAL PEOOF. 17 

principles of scientific proof, we shall find that in 
Science there is no resort to antiquity, and no credit 
given to bare human assertion, but that the mind itself 
is brought, by the agency of the senses, into direct 
communication with the facts of Nature ; which are 
shown to be facts by sensible observation, or by aggre- 
gate experience, or by actual experiment. 

I will endeavour to illustrate this distinction between 
theological and scientific proof, by very briefly re- 
ferring, first to the theological evidence adduced to 
prove the dogma of the Trinity, and secondly to the 
scientific evidence adduced to prove the composition of 
Water. 

Happily time does not permit me to present to you 
even the barest possible outline of those intermin- 
able polemical discussions that have characterised all 
attempts of the reason to define, not only the evidence 
for, but the very meaning of, the theological dogma of 
the Trinity, for otherwise I might possibly find myself 
compelled to leave you floundering in the mud of the 
Arian controversy, 1 or worse, transfixed with horror at 
the dying agonies of Servetus, burned alive through 

1 ' I dived, perhaps too deeply, into the mud of the Arian con- 
troversy ; and many days of reading, thinking, and writing, were 
consumed in the pursuit of a phantom.' — Gibbon, Memoirs of my 
Life and Writings, p. 104. The results of this study are shown in 
the luminous digest of the controversy contained in the twenty-first 
chapter of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, and in its 
impressive portraits of Arius ' and the more fashionable saints of 
the Arian times, the intrepid Athanasius and the learned Gregory 
Nazianzen.' Of Arius, Gibbon justly remarks, ' his most implacable 
adversaries have acknowledged the learning and blameless life of 
that eminent presbyter.' — TJbi sup. sec. 2. 



18 THE PURSUIT OF TRUTH. 

the malignant cruelty of Calvin. 1 I will limit myself 
to citing what one of the latest and most orthodox 
theological authorities has laid down upon the subject. 
In his commentary upon the 39 Articles of the Church 
of England, Harold Browne (now Bishop of Ely) sup- 
plies a summary of the proofs of the dogma, which 
are, a selection of Scripture texts, with inferences 
and corollaries deduced therefrom ; and he concludes 
such summary in these words : — ' The Doctrine of the 
Trinity as held by the Catholic Fathers, expressed in 
the Creeds of the Church and exhibited in the first 
Article of the Eeformed Church of England, viz., That 
there is but one God, yet that in the unity of that God- 
head there be three Persons, of one Substance, Power, 
and Eternity, is an inexplicable mystery, above the reach 
of our finite understanding. The Fathers who used 

1 ' Servetus, having in 1553 published at Vienne in Dauphine, a 
new treatise called Christianismi Restitutio, and escaping from thence 
as he vainly hoped to the Protestant city of Geneva, became a victim 
to the bigotry of the magistrates, instigated by Calvin, who had 
acquired an immense ascendancy over that republic. . . . Servetus, 
in fact was burned, not so much for his heresies, as for some per- 
sonal offence he had several years before given to Calvin. . . . 
Servetus had in some printed letters charged Calvin with many 
errors, which seems to have exasperated the great reformer's temper, 
so as to make him resolve on what he afterwards executed. The 
death of Servetus has perhaps as many circumstances of aggravation 
as any execution that ever took place. It should be said, in justice 
to Calvin, that he declares himself to have endeavoured to obtain a 
commutation of the sentence for a milder kind of death, " genus 
mortis conati sumus mutare sed frustra." — AUwoerden, p. 106. But 
he has never recovered in the eyes of posterity the blow to his moral 
reputation. . . . The whole Christian world abhorred the fatal 
precedent of Calvin in the death of Servetus.' — Hallam's Literature 
of Europe, vol. i. pp. 553, 555, and note a , and vol. ii. p. 343. 

As a shocking example of the iniquity of theological morality, 



DOGMA OF THE TRINITY. 19 

the language of the Creeds never spoke of three 
Persons in one God as they would speak of Persons 
among created beings, and, though they acknowledged 
the Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost, to be really 
three Persons, yet they also held that they had no 
divided or separate existence as three different men 
have, but that they were intimately united and con- 
joined one to another, existed in each other, and, by 
ineffable inhabitation, pervaded and permeated one 
another.' x 

Such are the dogmatic definitions of erudite theo- 
logians ; propositions neither evident in themselves, nor 

the sentence upon Servetus was probably less atrocious than that 
upon John Huss, whose death was determined upon by the reform- 
ing Council of Constance (a.d. 1415), in distinct violation of the 
imperial pass guaranteeing his personal safety. Huss, whose un- 
pardonable offence was his assertion of the right of free thought, 
was accused of denying the Catholic doctrine of the Eucharist 
(which in fact he had maintained), and ' his appeals to Scripture 
and to Christ were drowned in the laughter of the assembly.' How- 
ever, as he was inflexible in refusing to confess what he had not 
committed, or to retract what he sincerely believed, he was ' livre 
au Iras seculier.' 1 The unprincipled violation of his safe conduct 
by the Council was defended on the infamous plea that no faith 
was to be kept with heretics ! ' Nee aliqua fides aut promissio de 
jure naturali, divino, vel humano, fuerit in prasjudiciurn Catholica? 
fidei observanda.' — Biographie universelle. Huss (Jean) ; and see 
Mackay's Rise and Progress of Christianity, pp. 323, 324. 

1 ' This TrepL-^ujpnmQ or circumincessio, is perhaps the deepest and 
darkest corner of the whole theological abyss.' — Gibbon, ubi sup. 

1 The theologian' 's eye, 

Doth glance from heaven to earth, from earth to heaven, 

And, as imagination bodies forth 

The forms of things unknown, the theologian's pen 

Turns them to shapes, and gives to airy nothing 

A local habitation and a name.' 

A Midsummer NigMs Dream, Act V. Scene 1. 
c 2 



20 THE PURSUIT OF TRUTH. 

such as can be made evident by any process of thought ; 
sound without sense ; reminding us forcibly that learn- 
ing is not always the same thing as knowledge, and 
that when men confine their studies to books, 1 and 
concentrate their reading upon such works as inten- 
sify their superstitions and pander to their prejudices, 
the more such men read, the less the} 7 know. 2 

I trust I am not venturing on too irreverent a view, 
when I submit, that after all the definitions, exposi- 

1 The study of theology is purely literary, confined to books : 
the great instrument of scientific teaching is — demonstration. * If I 
insist unweariedly upon the importance of physical science as an 
educational agent, it is because the study of any branch of science, 
if properly conducted, appears to me to fill up a void left by all 
other means of education. I have the greatest respect and love for 
literature ; . . . indeed I wish that real literary discipline were far 
more attended to than it is ; but I cannot shut my eyes to the fact, 
that there is a vast difference between men who have had a purely 
literary, and those who have had a sound scientific, training. . . . 
In the world of letters, learning and knowledge, are one, and books 
are the source of both ; whereas in science as in life, learning and 
knowledge are distinct, and the study of things, and not of books, is 
the source of the latter. . . . The general benefit which a scientific 
education bestows, whether as training or as knowledge, is depen- 
dent upon the extent to which the mind of the student is brought 
into immediate contact with facts — upon the degree to which he 
learns the habit of appealing directly to Nature, and of acquiring 
through his senses concrete images of those properties of things, 
which are and always will be, but approximatively expressed in 
human language. ... A fact once seen, a relation of cause and 
effect once demonstratively apprehended . . . form fixed centres 
about which other truths aggregate by natural affinity.' — Huxley, 
On the Study of Zoology — Lay Sermons, fyc, pp. 123, 124. 

2 ' We often find educated men burdened by prejudices which 
their reading instead of dissipating has rendered more inveterate. 
For literature being the depository of the thoughts of mankind, is 
full, not only of wisdom, but also of absurdities. The benefit there- 
fore which is derived from literature will depend not so much upon 



SCIENTIFIC PROOF. 21 

tions, proofs and paraphrases, that theologians have 
been accumulating, through centuries of time, in 
countless volumes, their dogma of the Trinity yet 
remains as perfectly unintelligible and bewildering as 
any proposition that has ever been submitted to the 
mind of man. 

Such however is a sample of the nature and principle 
of theological proof. How essentially it differs from 
scientific proof will clearly appear in considering 
shortly the evidence science adduces in proof of the 
composition of Water. 

Chemistry has, in our day, made the startling asser- 
tion, that water, so far from being one of the four 
elements of which the world was believed to be com- 
posed, is not an element at all, but a compound, result- 
ing from the union in definite proportions of two gases 
— Oxygen and Hydrogen. Now this is a proposition 
of Science, and the essential difference between theo- 
logical proof and scientific proof is this. Science, un- 

the literature itself, as upon the skill with which it is studied, and 
the judgment with which it is selected. . . . Even in an advanced 
state of civilization there is always a tendency to prefer those parts 
of literature which favour ancient prejudices rather than those which 
oppose them ; and in cases where this tendency is very strong the 
only effect of great learning will be, to supply the materials which 
may corroborate old errors and confirm old superstitions. In our 
time such instances are not uncommon ; and we frequently meet 
with men whose erudition ministers to their ignorance, and who the 
more they read, the less they know.' — Buckle, History of Civiliza- 
tion, vol. i. pp. 246, 247. 

They ' make their understandings only the warehouse of other 
men's lumber.' — Locke's Conduct of the Understanding, sec. 42. 
' This I think I may be permitted to say, that there is no part 
wherein the understanding needs a more careful and wary conduct 
than in the use of books.' — Locke, ubi sup., sec. 24. 



22 THE PUESUIT OF TKUTH. 

like Theology, does not make its appeal to antiquity — 
however remote ; nor does it place its confidence in 
human assertion — however venerable ; but it brings 
the mind itself directly into contact with the facts of 
Nature ; and the scientific experiment by which is 
shown the chemical analysis of the composition of 
water is so simple, that I think I can sufficiently 
explain it, without any aid from apparatus. Elec- 
tricity is a peculiar force, lying latent in a variety of 
natural substances, and its analytical power is so subtle 
and resistless, that its momentary application to the 
human body suffices to separate life from matter, and 
to occasion instantaneous death ! Yet, all that is at 
present known of the nature of this wondrous agency 
is, that it is an affection of Matter, or mode of Force, 
whose action is twofold ; * that bodies in one electric 
state attract, and in another, repel ; in the former state, 
the electricity being termed positive, and in the latter, 
negative. Now, suppose a glass tube, filled with water, 
and corked at both ends. If one of the wires of an 
active Voltaic battery (which is a machine for gener- 
ating and applying powerful electric currents) be made 
to pass through one cork, and the other wire through 
the other cork, so that the ends of both wires shall 
be opposite and slightly asunder in the tube, chemical 
action will immediately take place, and gas will con- 
tinue to rise from the ends of the wires until the water 
has entirely disappeared. By arranging this experiment 
so that the gas given out by each wire shall be sepa- 

1 Mary Somerville's Connexion of the Physical Sciences, ss. 28, 
29. 



COMPOSITION OF WATER. 23 

rate, it will be found that the water has been converted 
into, that is consisted of, gas, in the proportion of two 
volumes of Hydrogen to one of Oxygen, the Hydrogen 
gas being given out at the positive wire of the battery, 
and the Oxygen at. the negative. Now, to obviate 
any doubt that the water has thus been resolved into 
Hydrogen and Oxygen gas, if an electric spark be sent 
through the tube, the gases will vanish and the water 
will reappear ! We may here notice another remark- 
able distinction between theological and scientific proof, 
which is this : that the marvel, or miracle as to some it 
might appear, of scientific experiment, is not effected 
once and for all, but that it can be repeated as often 
as the doubt of the unbeliever, or succession of un- 
believers, may require for the confirmation of their 
faith. We may in a few seconds briefly indicate the 
series of scientific discoveries which led up to our 
knowledge of the composition or nature of water, and 
the mode of verifying it. It is recorded, 2,500 years 
ago, a Greek philosopher, Thales, made the observation 
that the substance familiarly known as amber (in Greek 
called electron) when rubbed on woollen cloth, first 
attracted, and then, if allowed to touch, repelled, small 
light bodies presented to its surface. In the year 1752 
of our era the illustrious American Benjamin Franklin 1 

1 ' Dr. Franklin was the first avIio thought of establishing a com- 
munication between an electrified cloud and the earth, through the 
string, containing a fine wire, of a paper kite sent aloft in thundery- 
weather. He found that he could thus charge a Leyden jar, and so 
carry into his laboratory a part of the lightning with which to expe- 
riment, as he might do with that given by an electrical machine. 
It was then that the precious thought occurred to him of setting up 



24 THE PUESUIT OF TRUTH. 

proved the identity of this curious property of amber 
with the lightning of the thunderstorm ! By flying a 
kite in the face of an electrified cloud with a string 
containing a fine wire, he attracted the lightning (or 
electric fluid, as it is popularly termed), passed it into a 
Ley den jar, and carried it with him to his laboratory 
to experiment with, and he very soon gave practi- 
cal effect to his discovery by inventing the lightning 
conductor, a simple contrivance, wherewith the mys- 
terious messenger is arrested by Science, and passed 
innocuous from Heaven to Earth, and whereby the 
saving of human life and preservation of property have 
been truly incalculable. How, we may ask, would the 
ancient and far-seeing Greeks, who regarded power 
over the lightning as the highest attribute of divinity, 
believing it to be held obedient in the grasp of Jupiter 
the Father of their Gods, or those Hebrew poets who 
regarded thunder as the voice of Jehovah, and light- 
ning as the breath of his nostrils, have been astounded, 
had they been told, that the lightning could be 
possessed by, and be made obedient to the control of, 
any person desiring to have it ! But, to proceed : in 
the year 1791 Volta, a Professor at Pa via, discovered 
that a current of electricity (that is, the continuous 
transmission of its chemical affinity) could be made to 
flow in two different directions by means of the chemical 
action of a fluid on two different metallic substances, 

over roofs rods of metal with points directed to the sky, and the 
lower part piercing the earth, as certain means of safety, both on 
land and at sea, for property and life, against the dangers of the 
thunderstorm.' — Dr. Neil Arnott's Elements of Physics, vol. ii. 
p. 617. 



CAVENDISH AND WATT. 25 

and by acute reasoning and experiment he constructed 
one of the most wonderful of all human inventions, 
viz., the Voltaic Pile or Battery, -which, by means of 
alternate discs of zinc and copper arranged in pairs, 
and separated by pieces of cloth moistened with acidu- 
lated water, enabled him to deprive the lightning of 
its sudden and uncontrollable violence, and to place it 
under the management of man ! x Such was its con- 
dition when our own great countryman, Cavendish (by 
a flash of genius resplendent as the lightning itself) 
struck upon the idea of applying its analytical power 
to the discovery of the composition of water, and he 
forthwith made such discovery, and verified it by a 
simple electrical experiment similar to that which I 
have endeavoured to describe. 2 

Descending now from scientific ideas upon the facts 
of social life, and bringing our attention to bear upon 

1 Mary Somerville's Connexion of the Physical Sciences, sec. 29. 

2 The discovery of the composition of water was made simulta- 
neously, yet independently, by Cavendish, the Englishman, and 
James Watt, the Scotchman, in the year 1783. It is a remarkable 
instance of the consilience of the results of the inductive and de- 
ductive methods of research in matters raised to the true scientific 
stage. Watt's discovery being the result of his speculations on the 
subject of water in connexion with air, deducing new conclusions 
from former ideas, rather than bringing to light new facts ; Caven- 
dish's discovery being the result of inductions from his own experi- 
ments, thereby first ascertaining fresh facts. ' Cavendish and Watt 
both discovered the composition of water. Cavendish established 
the facts ; Watt the idea.' — Liebig's Letters on Chemistry. Lon- 
don : 1851. P. 48. Buckle's History of Civilization, vol. ii. pp. 
527, 529. The actual experiment with the Voltaic Battery, ex- 
plained at p. 22, was of course not the precise experiment employed 
by Cavendish. It was, I think, first exhibited by Sir Humphry 
Davy. 



26 THE PURSUIT OF TRUTH. 

the nature and principle of Judicial Proof, or that evi- 
dence upon which legal tribunals decide in distributing 
justice, we shall find that the nature of such evidence 
is still only partially scientific. Indeed, so recently as 
the days of that great reforming spirit Jeremy Bentham, 
he could truly allege, that ' in the map of Science the 
department of Judicial Evidence was still a perfect 
blank. Eeason had never visited it.' * But, its purpose 
being to verify the actions and relations of men in 
society, it has for the most part to deal with moral 
probabilities, propositions approximately true, rather 
than with physical or supernatural certainties ; with 
inquiries in which the clearest conclusion amounts to 
no more than moral certainty, that is, probability in its 
highest degree ; and when the most conclusive evidence 
is often circumstantial, 2 that is, inference irresistibly 

1 Rationale of Judicial Evidence, Bentham' s Works, vol. vi. 
p. 209. 

2 ' From whatever cause, the Fact in question cannot be itself 
approached; but the surrounding facts, past, contemporaneous, or 
succeeding, may have been seen, heard or felt, either by the inves- 
tigator, or by somebody else, more or less likely to speak the truth 
about them. " Circumstantial Evidence " is, then, the sort of evi- 
dence to a Fact taking place which is supplied, not by anybody's 
having observed it take place, but, by a number of other facts or 
circumstances having been observed which are held to furnish a 
legitimate ground for an inference from them to the Fact in ques- 
tion.' — -A Systematic View of the Science of Jurisprudence, by 
Sheldon Amos, p. 333. ' The distinct and specific proving power 
of circumstantial evidence depends upon its incompatibility with, 
and incapability of explanation upon, any reasonable hypothesis, 
other than that of the truth of the principal fact in proof of which 
it is adduced. . . . Circumstantial evidence is inherently of a dif- 
ferent and inferior nature from direct and positive testimony ; but, 
nevertheless, such evidence is most frequently superior in proving 
power to the average strength of direct evidence.' — Wills, On Cir~ 



JUDICIAL PROOF. 27 

resulting from the convergence of indirect facts too 
numerous or various to be forged or manipulated ; and 
the principle of judicial evidence is essentially dis- 
tinguishable from that of theological and scientific 
proof by this characteristic ; that its rules and methods 
for ascertaining facts are correspondent, not to the 
special culture of a class, but to the average intelli- 

cumstantial Evidence, pp. 274, 313. I cannot concur with Pro- 
fessor Amos in considering it a fallacy that Circumstantial Evidence 
may be intrinsically and essentially of far higher positive value than 
Direct Evidence. It is, I conceive, sometimes of higher value, that 
is, more conclusive and convincing, for the reason he gives, viz. ' the 
admitted truth, that among a large number of witnesses to isolated 
facts, of which facts the witnesses cannot appreciate the relevancy 
and import, there is less likelihood (or possibility even) of con- 
spiracy and perjury than where a small number of witnesses come 
prepared to tell an identical story about a limited number of direct 
facts obviously of the highest importance.' — TJhi supra. Every 
practical lawyer's experience will, I venture to think, confirm this. 
Where such surrounding facts are so compacted and adapted each 
to the other, like the parts of an arch or a dome, as to mutually 
sustain each other and form a coherent whole, they result in what 
Dr. Whewell terms the ' Consilience of Inductions.' — Philosophy 
of the Inductive Sciences, vol. ii. p. 65. In direct evidence ' the 
facts to which the witnesses testify are, as a rule, facts in which 
they are more or less interested, and which in many cases excite 
their strongest passions to the highest degree. . . . They know 
what the point at issue is, and how their evidence bears upon it, 
so that they can shape it according to the effect which they wish to 
produce . . . and the facts which they have to observe being in 
most instances portions of human conduct, are so intricate that 
even with the best intentions on the part of the witness to speak 
the truth, he will generally be inaccurate, and almost always incom- 
plete in his account of what occurred.' — The Indian Evidence Act, 
with an Introduction on the Principles of Judicial Evidence, by 
James Fitzjames Stephen, Q.C., chap. ii. A Statement of the Prin- 
ciples of Induction and Deduction, and a Comparison of their Ap- 
plication to Scientific and Judicial Inquiries, p. 29. Published since 
this discourse was composed. 



28 THE PURSUIT OF TRUTH. 

gence of the community, and are such as harmonise 
with, and are a reflex of, the popularly prevailing and 
recognised standard of belief. 1 We shall also further 
find, a fact of singular significance, viz., that reform 
and amendments of the Law of Evidence have, to a 
remarkable extent, run parallel with the progress and 
development of the Physical Sciences. 2 That when 

1 ' The Law of Evidence is one of the landmarks of civilization, 
which it is inrpossible for the philosophical inquirer to overlook. It 
well deserves the attentive examination, not of the jurist only, but 
of all who study the subject with interest. It constitutes a most 
important part of human opinion ; it has fluctuated with the vicis- 
situdes of society ; it has advanced with its progress. ... It 
is time that some one should arise among us to do for a great moral 
science what Kepler did for Astronomy — to obliterate all vain de- 
vices, the puerile inventions of comparative barbarity, to point out 
to us the real orbit in which Astrasa moves with that balance in 
which no false weight can stay, and to teach our judges that the 
greatest reproach to the law of any nation is the constant defeat of 
substantial justice.' — History and Principles of the Law of Evidence, 
frc, by J. G. Phillimore, pp. 2, 614. 

2 It is worthy of remark that as the inductive science of legal 
Evidence has progressed, the deductive science of legal Special 
Pleading has decayed, and English lawyers of the rising generation 
will have hardly a notion of what that science was. In a subse- 
quent note (K) the reader will find the masterly analysis and dis- 
tinction drawn by the late Mr. Buckle between Induction and 
Deduction, and there can hardly be a doubt that the tendencies of 
the practical English mind are inductive rather than deductive. 
The deductive science of English special pleading, though unavoid- 
ably characterised in some parts by excessive subtlety, refinement, 
and needless precision, had been brought to very considerable per- 
fection as a logical instrument for ascertaining the exact legal 
question in dispute between litigants. Its distinctive feature, viz. 
that of evolving in the progress of the pleadings, that is, obliging 
the parties to develope by the effect of their own allegations, the 
particular question that was the subject for decision, and, by the 
same development, that is, to clear away, by the effect of the 
pleading itself, the immaterial matter which every controversy 



JUDICIAL PLEADING. 29 

theological ideas and beliefs have been prevalent, the 
rules and principles of Judicial Evidence have been 
crude and lax, and that in proportion as scientific 
truths, methods of investigation, and processes of proof, 
have become paramount, the rules of judicial evidence 
have become more rational, systematic, and strict. 1 

more or less involves, points of the highest importance, were se- 
cured by the operation of a body of rules and principles of almost 
mathematical precision and cogency. A bare enumeration of the 
chief of them will show this to any intelligent mind, however 
unversed in legal technicalities — thus : — 

1. Eules tending simply to the production of an issue. 
to secure the materiality of the issue. 
„ produce singleness or unity in the issue. 
,, „ certainty or particularity in the issue. 
to prevent obscurity and confusion. 
„ „ prolixity and delay. 

See the subject treated in an analytical and scientific manner in 
A Treatise on the Principles of Pleading in Civil Actions, by 
Serjeant Stephen. 

On the other hand, the Science of Equity Pleading by Bill and 
Answer has gradually attained a very high degree of merit. Well- 
drawn Equity Pleadings are now concise and perspicuous narratives 
of all the actual facts and circumstances relied on, so logically and 
skilfully stated as to amount in themselves to a very powerful form 
of argument. If the Bill, like the Answer, were filed under the 
restraint of the oath of the complainant the pleading would be 
yet further improved. In criminal procedure the complainant 
makes his statement under oath, whilst the defendant is deprived 
of that testimony of truth. In chancery procedure the right is 
reversed ! Of course common sense and justice would require 
that in both cases the practice should be uniform, and the protection 
reciprocal. 

1 A history of the English Law of Evidence, from the point of 
view of the text, would be an interesting and instructive work. I 
am not aware of the existence of any attempt at such a compara- 
tive history. The History and Principles of the Law of Evidence 
as illustrating our Social Progress, by the late J. G. Phillimore, 



2. 


n n 


3. 


ii ii 


4. 


„ ,, 


5. 


ii ii 


6. 


ii ii 



30 THE PURSUIT OF TRUTH. 

To follow this out in detail would of course occupy a 
great deal more than the time now at my disposal. 
The principle nowhere appears more prominent than in 
the history of that shocking superstition — Belief in 
Witchcraft. When this dreadful delusion was at its 
height, that is, when theology was supreme, what 
judges and juries were taught to regard as evidence of 
witchcraft was abundant and conclusive, and persons 
were again and again found guilty as witches, without 
a suspicion of the utter worthlessness of the testimony 
adduced on their trials. As science rose, belief in 
witchcraft declined. It seems to have reached its 
climax under the gloomy theology of the Puritans, 
about the middle of the sixteenth century, and to 
have declined rapidly in the great sceptical movement 
that followed the Eestoration ; a movement distin- 
guished by diffused knowledge of the astronomical 
discoveries of Kepler and Galileo, and the inductive 
philosophy of Lord Bacon, and, in our country, by the 
establishment of the Eoyal Society for the improve- 
ment of Natural Knowledge. 1 The Laws for prose- 
though an able and valuable treatise, has not been written with 
special reference to the parallelism between the improvement of 
legal evidence and the progress of physical science. It is to be 
regretted too that Mr. Phillimore's book is, as a scientific treatise, 
depreciated somewhat by want of sobriety of tone and reflection, 
by exaggerated views, and by the too unrestrained expression of 
the indignant sentiments of the worthy author. Mr. J. Fitzjames 
Stephen's Introduction (to the Indian Evidence Act) on the Prin- 
ciples of Judicial Evidence contains some admirable remarks on the 
distinction between scientific and judicial evidence. See ch. ii. 

1 ' From the nature and constitution of the Royal Society, the 
objects of their attention were necessarily limited. ( The physical 
sciences, however, or those which are promoted by experiment, 



BELIEF IN WITCHCRAFT. 31 

cuting witches were wholly repealed in the middle of 
the eighteenth century, 1 and belief in witchcraft soon 
afterwards almost entirely died out, and alleged evi- 
dence of its practice, formerly so abundant and con- 
clusive, came at last at rare intervals, and then only 
to excite derision and contempt ; notwithstanding that 
Chief-Baron Sir Matthew Hale, charging the jury in 
the case of Amy Duny and Eose Cullender 2 (tried for 

were their declared objects.' — Thomson's History of the Royal So- 
ciety, p. 6. ' The charter of the Eoyal Society states, that it was 
established for the improvement of natural science. This epithet 
natural was originally intended to imply a meaning of which very 
few persons, I believe, are aware. At the period of the establish- 
ment of the Society, the arts of witchcraft and divination were 
very extensively encouraged ; and the word natural was therefore 
introduced in contradistinction to supernatural.'' — Dr. Paris's Life 
of Sir H. Davy, vol. ii. p. 178. 

1 (a.d. 1736), 9th Geo. II., chap. 5, whereby it is enacted (sec. 1), 
' That the Statute made in the first year of the reign of King James 
the First intituled An Act against Conjuration, Witchcraft, and 
dealing with evil and wicked Spirits, shall from the 24th day of 
June next be repealed and utterly void and of none effect except 
so much thereof as repeals the Statute made in the fifth year of 
the Reign of Queen Elizabeth intituled An Act against Conjura- 
tions, Enchantments, and Witchcrafts.' 1 (Sec. 2.) — ' That from and 
after the said 24th day of June the Act passed in the Parliament of 
Scotland in the ninth Parliament of Queen Mary intituled Anentis 
Witchcrafts shall be and is hereby repealed.' (Sec. 3.) — ' That 
from and after the said 24th day of June no prosecution suit or 
proceeding shall be commenced or carried on against any person or 
persons for Witchcraft, Sorcery, Enchantment or Conjuration, or 
for charging another with any such offence in any Court whatsoever 
in Great Britain.' 

2 ' In 1664 the venerable Sir Matthew Hale condemned two women 
named Amy Duny and Rose Cullender to the stake at St. Edmondsbury 
upon evidence the most ridiculous.' Sir Thomas Brown, a physician, 
the author of Vulgar Errors and Religio Medici, was examined as a 
witness upon the trial, and gave a learned opinion, expressing his 



32 THE PURSUIT OF TRUTH, 

witchcraft in the year 1664), had said, ' That there are 
such creatures as witches I make no doubt at all ; for, 
first, the Scriptures have affirmed so much ; and 
secondly, the wisdom of all nations, particularly our 
own, hath provided laws against them.' And notwith- 
standing too that the great nonconformist, the pious 
Wesley, had solemnly asserted, that ' to give up witch- 
craft was to give up the Bible.' 1 

I will however further illustrate the argument by 
more particularly referring to and contrasting the lead- 
ing incidents of two very memorable trials that form 
interesting portions of our country's annals ; the one 
being the trial of Sir Walter Raleigh (so renowned in 
story) for high treason in the year 1603, and the other 
being the trial of William Hone for libel, in the year 
1817. These trials are separated, you observe, by the 
transition period of the seventeenth and eighteenth 
centuries, an interval amply sufficient to permit of our 
passing them in such comparative review. 

Now the mode in which the discoveries and methods 
of verification of the Physical Sciences have operated 
in teaching us the true nature and principles of Evi- 
dence is by no means difficult to discern, nor far to 
seek. For example : That invention of ' the Tuscan 
artist's optick glass,' the Telescope, 2 which occurred 

belief that the accused were witches. See a graphic account of 
this trial quoted in Memoirs of Extraordinary Popular Delusions 
and the Madness of Crowds, 2 vols., by Charles Mackay, LL.D. 
The Witch Mania, vol. i. pp. 148 to 152. 

1 Wesley's Journals, pp. 602, 713. 

2 ' When the circle of man's corporeal vision was enlarged by 
artificial optical instruments, did they not at the same time enlarge 



THE SOLAR SYSTEM. 33 

early in the seventeenth century, for the first time 
revealed to mortal eyes 1 the marvellous facts that 
enabled astronomers to discover and verify the true 
nature of our planetary system. To show conclusively 
that this Earth is not the centre of the World, but 
simply a small spheroid or ball, one of several like 
bodies, all revolving round a splendid central sun ; 2 

his mental vision ? For, must not his idea of existence have been 
immediately extended when he learnt that the planets are heavenly 
bodies like our own, some of them accompanied by moons similar 
to ours, and alternating with day and night, summer and winter, as 
on our globe ? -. • . A deep investigation into Nature has enabled 
us to enlarge even the boundaries of our senses, so that by artifi- 
cial instruments we discover worlds where to our unassisted senses 
there only appeared a vanishing magnitude ; we discover distant 
planets and systems of suns where formerly the most daring imagi- 
nations did not venture to place their creation. Thus the whole 
existence of man is enlarged and becomes more spiritual.' — Oersted's 
Soul in Nature. On the Intellectual Influence exercised by Natural 
Science, pp. 194, 453. 

1 ' This prospect vast, what is it ? — "Weigh'd aright, 
'Tis Nature's system of divinity. 

Tis elder Scripture, writ by God's own hand : 
Scripture authentic ! uncorrupt by man. 

Divine Instructor ! Thy first volume, this, 
For man's perusal ; all in capitals ! 
In moon, and stars (heaven's golden alphabet !) 
Emblazed to seize the sight. 

'Tis unconfined 
To Christian land, or Jewry ; fairly writ, 
In language universal to mankind : 
A language, worthy the Great Mind that speaks. 1 

Young's Night Thoughts. Night Ninth, 643-1GG9. 

2 ' It is remarkable, and affords an additional proof of the slow 

progress of truth, that the Fathers Le Seur and Jacquier, who in 

1739 and 1742 published an edition of Sir Isaac Newton's Prin- 

cipia, deemed it necessary to accompany their publication of the 

D 



34 THE PURSUIT OF TRUTH. 

that the stars are placed at such immeasurable remote- 
ness as exalts them into glorious globes, similar to, 
some even surpassing, our own sun; and thus the 
ancient theological belief, that this earth was a flat 
surface, covered in by a vaulted roof or firmament in 
which ' the stars also ' * were set to'give light upon the 
Earth by night, was proved to be not only erroneous, 
but palpably absurd ; and the stupendous theological 
scheme, composed by men when they believed this 
earth to be a vast plane, the centre of the Universe, was 
left without standing room upon the spherical surface 
of our puny planet. 2 Again, the discoveries of Geo- 

Third Book, which treats of the motions of the heavenly bodies, 
with a declaration in these words — " Newtonus in hoc tertio libro 
Telluris motsa hypothesim asserit. Autoris propositiones aliter ex- 
plicari non poterant, nisi eadem quoque facta hjpothesi. Hinc 
alienam coacti sumus gerere personam ; casterum latis a summis 
Pontificibus contra Telluris M'otum Decretis nos obsequi profite- 
mur." ' — Sir I. Newton's Prihcipia, by Lord Brougham and E. J. 
Routh, p. 13. 

1 ' And he here names " the Stars also," regarding, no doubt, 
those twinkling points of light as a small addition to the greater 
luminaries, without having the least idea that each one of their 
glorious host — which Astronomy now shows to be infinitely more 
numerous than he could have supposed — was itself a mighty Sun, 
though placed at an immense distance from us, in comparison with 
whose bulk that of our earth would shrink into nothing.' — Colenso, 
On the Pentateuch, part iv. p. 103 ; and see the note thereto on the 
enormous size and distance from us of the fixed stars. 

2 ' The theological scheme which men composed when they be- 
lieved the earth to be a plane, the centre of the universe, finds no 
place for itself in our modern cosmology, and the tremendous 
drama supposed to have been acted on that mighty stage, before 
the appalled and gazing Hosts of Heaven, becomes inconceivable 
played upon our little planet. . . . Modern astronomy has not so 
much contradicted isolated statements in the Hebrew Scriptures as 
left the whole Nicene Theology withoiit standing room.' — F. P. 
Cobbe, Preface to the Works of Theodore Parker. 



THE SIX DAYS CREATION. 35 

logical Science, revealing to us that this earth, and the 
plants and animals that exist, or ever have existed, 
upon its surface, were not only not all created in six 
days, but were slowly evolved or produced during an 
enormous lapse of time, and in a successional order 
that cannot, consistently with geological monuments, 
be separated into the six creation-periods described in 
the book of Genesis, whether each of such six periods 
be regarded as long or short, as a vast epoch of time, 
or as a single solar day, have overturned entirely the 
ancient theological belief of the six days creation ; 
causing us to hear with mute amazement, Sunday after 
Sunday, theologians still asseverating that ' in six days 
the Lord made Heaven and Earth, the Sea and all that 
in them is, and rested the seventh day.' 1 2 

Now these, and other verified discoveries of Science, 

1 See Appendix, Note G. 

2 ' This hebdomadal iteration of an exploded absurdity is the 
more shocking, since it has been authoritatively stated, in a work 
recommended by Wilberfdrce, Bishop of Oxford, as follows : 
" Some school books still teach to the ignorant that all things were 
created in six days. No well-educated person of the present day 
shares in the delusion. . . . Whatever be the meaning of the six 
days, ending with the seventh day's mystical and symbolical rest, 
indisputably we cannot accept them in their literal meaning . . . 
they as plainly do not denote the order of succession of all the 
individual creation.' — Replies to 'Essays and Reviews] p. 514, by 
Rev. E. Main, M.A., Radcliffe Observer in the University of 
Oxford. Perhaps, however, although ' well-educated persons ' 
may be admitted to know the truth, our theologians think it neces- 
sary to keep ' the people ' still in the bondage of ignorance, 
therein agreeing with the historian Gibbon : — ' I have sometimes 
thought of writing a dialogue of the dead, in which Lucian, Eras- 
mus, and Voltaire should mutually acknowledge the danger of 
exposing an old superstition to the contempt of the blind and 

anatic multitude.' — Gibbon's Autobiography, p. 126. 
D 2 



36 THE PURSUIT OP TRUTH. 

did more than explode the belief expressed in ancient 
creeds ; l freeing the human mind from superstitions 
that had enthralled it, they imparted to it an im- 
pulse and tendency which affected its fundamental 
standard of proof. They showed men that they had 
been too credulous in believing on authority, what the 
exercise of their reason on the phenomena of Nature 
would have convinced them was untrue. They stimu- 
lated the pursuit of those bold and original inquiries 
without which there can be no advance in human 
knowledge, and therefore no increase of human happi- 
ness ; they developed that mental quality of doubt, 
distrust, or scepticism, which is the parent of free 
thought, of accurate observation, and of logical reason- 
ing, superseding that complacent credulity, superficial 
observation, and slovenly reasoning, that had hitherto 
commonly prevailed, but which were now shown to be 
subversive of the primary principles of proof. Indeed 
it is not too much to say, that it is Physical Science 

1 ' Has aught that is essentially Christian suffered— have its 
truths ceased to spread and be operative on mankind — since 
physical doctrines, supposed or " declared " contrary to Holy Writ, 
have been established ? Cease, then, to take alarm at each new 
ray of light that dawns upon a field of Divine Power, till now 
dark to our comprehension : for, be assured, there remain many 
others yet to be illuminated by His predestined instruments. The 
light, bright as it is, contrasted with the darkness it has displaced, 
penetrates but a short way into the illimitable theatre of the opera- 
tions of Infinite Power. The known is very small compared with 
the knowable. Allay then your fears : trust in the Author of all 
truth, who has decreed that it shall never perish, and has given to 
man a power to acquire that most precious of his possessions, with 
an intellectual nature that will ultimately rest upon due demonstra- 
tive evidence.' — Professor Owen, Instances of the Power of God as 
Manifested in His Animal Creation, p. 57. 



NATUEE THE SOUECE OP KNOWLEDGE. 37 

that has educed and invigorated what we may term the 
evidential or verifying faculties of the civilized human 
mind ; those paramount intellectual powers, which now 
protect men from so prostrating their reason as to 
believe with infallible faith that which they are unable 
to prove with infallible testimony ; the unwavering 
faith which Science preaches being founded on the 
conviction afforded by verified predictions. Physical 
Science too has taught us that Nature is the source of 
all our real knowledge ; a proposition now indeed 
accepted as elementary, yet so long was the world in 
arriving at the conviction of this primordial truth, that 
Lord Bacon in the seventeenth century was the first 
clearly to conceive and assert it in express terms, x and 
so utterly paradoxical did such assertion appear to the 
learned of his day, that the schoolmen said to Galileo, 2 
' If Nature contradicts the Scriptures, Nature must be 
mistaken, for we know that the Scriptures are true.' 

These results, which I have so briefly condensed, so 
expanding, elevating, and ennobling the views and 
powers of the human mind, we mainly owe to that 
succession of scientific discoverers and intrepid thinkers 

1 ' Homo, Naturae minister et interpres, tantum facit et intelligit, 
quantum, de Naturae ordine, re vel mente observaverit ; nee amplius 
scit aut potest.' — Nov. Org., lib. i. aph. 1. 

2 ' Few men will say directly what the Schoolmen said to Galileo, 
" If Nature is opposed to the Bible then Nature is mistaken, for the 
Bible is certainly right ; " but the popular view of the Bible logically 
makes that assertion. Truth and the book of Genesis cannot be 
reconciled, except on the hypothesis that the Bible means anything 
it can be made to mean, but then it means nothing.' — Theo. 
Parker's Discourse on Matters pertaining to Religion, book iv. ch. ii. 
p. 220, 



38 THE PUESUIT OF TRUTH. 

who flourished in the interval that divides our illustra- 
tions — the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. A 
galaxy of but a few illustrious names is alone sufficient 
to verify this conclusion — Tyco Brahe, Kepler, Galileo, 
Lord Bacon, Gilbert, Harvey, Descartes, Pascal, Torri- 
celli, Spinoza, Locke, Bayle, Leibnitz, Sir Isaac Newton, 
David Hume, D'Alembert, Voltaire, Benjamin Franklin, 
Erasmus Darwin, Priestley, James Watt, Cavendish, 
Laplace, besides numerous others, whose brilliant dis- 
coveries, profound reasonings, or lofty aims, were really 
the moving cause of that enlightened condition of 
society, whose changed views respecting the nature 
and importance of real evidence we shall see, to some 
extent, exhibited in the trial of William Hone in the 
year 1817 ; for though throughout this interval, dog- 
matic theology, with its sterile and noisy jargon and 
anti-jargon of orthodoxy and heresy, 1 was intently 
occupied in attempting still further to mystify and 
emasculate the human mind, Physical Science was 
silently, yet surely, engaged in gradually revealing 
those beneficent Laws, which the great Author of 
Nature has instituted for welding together the duty and 
the happiness of his human creatures. That it is to 
Science, 2 and not to Theology, that we are indebted 

1 ' Christian dogmatism, with its counter -jargons of orthodoxy 
and heresy placed itself in opposition to the old culture of Greece 
and Rome. . . . The doctrine of an infallible literature and of 
Church authority leads to an interference with the most certain 
results of science and observation.' — Miiller's History of the Litera- 
ture of Ancient Greece, vol. iii. pp.318, 353. 

2 - Modern civilization rests upon physical science. . . . The 
whole of modern thought is steeped in science ; it has made its way 
into the works of our best poets, and even the mere man of letters, 



SCIENCE THE CAUSE OF PROGRESS. 39 

for the progressive change I am noticing is indeed 
manifest on the slightest unprejudiced consideration ; 
for, wherever there is progress there must be a pro- 
gressive cause. Now, theology does not assert itself 
to be progressive. All the ideas which it seeks to 
communicate from age to age are one and the same. 
Its whole system and method repose upon the past. 
It professes to draw its inspiration from that Faith, 
which theologians assure us was, ages ago, once for all, 
delivered to the Saints. It is a cardinal axiom of 
Theology that antiquity is the mark of Truth and 
novelty the mark of Error. But in Science the case is 
exactly the reverse. From antiquity, which Bacon 
acutely remarked was really 'Juventus Mundi,' the 
world's childhood, l Science derives almost nothing, 
and with Science, the ages of Faith are not behind 
but before us, for the genius of Science is Progress. 2 

who affects to ignore science, is unconsciously impregnated with her 
spirit, and indebted for his best products to her methods. She is 
teaching the world that the ultimate court of appeal is observation 
and experiment, and not authority ; she is teaching it to estimate 
the value of evidence ; she is creating a firm and living faith in the 
existence of immutable moral and physical laws, perfect obedience 
to which is the highest possible aim of an intelligent being.' — 
Huxley, On the Study of Zoology. Lay Sermons, pp. 129, 130. 

1 ' Sane, ut verum dicamus, " antiquitas seculi, juventus mundi." 
Nostra profecto sunt antiqua tempora, cum mundus jam senuerit ; 
non ea, qua? computantur ordine retrogrado, initium sumendo a 
seculo nostro.' — De Aug. ScienL, lib. i. 

2 ' The condition of man has been fluctuating, but, on the whole, 
has progressed in a very remarkable manner. . . . The Arts ana 
Civilization have progressed in accordance with the gradual in- 
crease of man's knowledge of the universe. . . . The progress is 
not yet at an end ; it has been vastly more rapid in recent times 
than ever, and is still proceeding with increasing celerity : — and we 



40 THE PURSUIT OF TRUTH. 

Moreover, the discovery of and reverence for simple 
Truth, and that habit of veracity, 1 characteristic of 
the correctly disciplined mind, are not theological 
virtues at all. It should be widely known that those 
once venerated authorities who formed the theological 
system of Europe, the Christian Fathers as they are 
called, laid down as a distinct proposition, that pious 
frauds are justifiable, nay even laudable. 2 That they 

know not where the Creator has fixed the limits of the change.' — 
Dr. Neil Arnott's Elements of Physics, Introduction, vol. i. pp. 
v. vii. ' Past history records that the human race, unlike the lower 
animals, whose condition has remained as unchanged since men 
first observed them as that of the trees among which they live, has 
gradually but greatly advanced from the low state called that of 
the savage to various degrees of civilization. This progress, still 
steadily advancing, has depended on the gradual increase of man's 
knowledge of the world around him, and of his own nature.' — Dr. 
Neil Arnott's Survey of Human Progress, p. 5. 

1 ' Inasmuch as the cultivation in ourselves of a sensitive feeling 
on the subject of veracity, is one of the most useful, and the en- 
feeblement of that feeling one of the most hurtful, things to which 
our conduct can be instrumental ; and, inasmuch as any, even unin- 
tentional, deviation from truth, does that much towards weakening 
the trustworthiness of human assertion, which is not only the prin- 
cipal support of all present social Avell being, but the insufficiency 
of which does more than any one thing that can be named to keep 
back civilization, virtue, everything on which human happiness on 
the largest scale depends ; we feel that the violation, for a present 
advantage, of a rule of such transcendent expediency, is not expe- 
dient, and that he who . . . does what depends on him to deprive 
mankind of the good, and inflict upon them the evil, involved' in 
the greater or less reliance which they can place in each other's 
word, acts the part of one of their worst enemies.' — J. S. Mill's 
Utilitarianism, p. 32. 

2 'For cases of justifiable falsehood, se e Dr. Newman's (Roman 
Catholic) Apologia pro Vita sua, Appendix, f. 77, and Jeremy Taylor 
(Protestant) Ductor Dubitantium, lib. 3, ch. 2. On the subject of 
the pious frauds of theologians, see the evidence collected in Mid- 
dleton's Free Enquiry ; the curious panegyric on the habit of telling 



THEOLOGICAL FRAUDS AND FALSEHOODS. 41 

applauded falsehood, and that the ecclesiastical litera- 
ture which owes its origin to their lucubrations 1 — a 
literature encouraging superstition, intolerance and 
bigotry, full of dark misgivings and still darker 
threats, teaching men that it is wrong to enjoy the 
present, and right to tremble at the future, 2 is satu- 
rated with a spirit of the most unblushing mendacity. 
That they also inculcated a habit of boundless incredu- 
lity itself the negation of the Spirit of Truth, and 
they thereby induced a condition of things so demoral- 
ising that, says an accomplished historian, 3 the very 

lies in St. Chrysostom, On the Priesthood ; the remarks of Coleridge 
in The Friend, and of Maury, Croyances et Legendes, p. 268. All 
ecclesiastical literature became tainted with a spirit of the most un- 
blushing mendacity ... it continued until the very sense of truth 
and the very love of truth seemed blotted out from the minds of 
men . . . during that gloomy period the only scholars in Europe- 
were priests and monks who conscientiously believed that no amount 
of falsehood was reprehensible which conduced to the edification of 
the people. . . . They very naturally carried into all other subjects 
the indifference to truth they had acquired in theology ... a habit 
of boundless credulity was therefore a natural consequence . . . 
and not only did this habit necessarily produce a luxurious crop of 
falsehood, it was itself the negation of the spirit of truth.' — Lecky's 
History of Rationalism, vol. i. pp. 434, 435, 43G ; and note, p. 434. 

1 ' It was natural that a literature should be created such as that 
of which I have given some account ; a literature which encouraged 
superstition, intolerance, and bigotry ; a literature full of dark mis- 
givings, and of still darker threats ; a literature which taught men 
that it was wrong to enjoy the present, and that it was right to trem- 
ble at the future ; a literature, in a word, which spreading gloom 
on every side, soured the temper, corrupted the affections, numbed 
the intellect, and brought into complete discredit those bold and ori- 
ginal inquiries, without which there can be no advance in human 
knowledge, and consequently no increase of human happiness.'— 
Buckle, History of Civilization, vol. ii. pp. 578, 579. 

8 See Appendix, Note H. 

3 Lecky, History of Rationalism, vol. i. p. 435. 



42 THE PURSUIT OF TRUTH. 

sense of Truth and the very love of Truth seemed 
blotted out from the minds of men. However, 
throughout the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries 
we may joyfully observe the steady and general de- 
cline of the theological spirit. We can mark its sepa- 
ration first from Morals and then from Politics. 1 We 
can perceive an immense change, not only among 
speculative minds but among the people at large — a 
slow awakening, as it were, from the superstitious 
slumber of ages : even the studies pursued at those 
strongholds of sacerdotalism, the great universities, 2 

1 Buckle's History of Civilization, vol. i. p. 387. 

2 Such reforms and improvements have in recent times been 
established in the curriculum of our universities, that it is now an 
accomplished fact that at some of the colleges in Cambridge pro- 
ficiency in physical science may really be rewarded by a fellow- 
ship. Whether, however, the universities are now more on a level 
with the highest intelligence of the present age, than they were on 
a par with the intelligence of past times, is at least doubtful, and can 
only be known to our posterity. We, at any rate, looking back, can 
plainly perceive that they have always been in the rear, rather than 
in the van, of true knowledge. Lord Bacon's foresight in vain 
warned them emphatically not to be wanting to the advancement of 
the sciences, but dexterously to use the keys of sense. (Bacon's 
IVorks, vol. ii. Epistolo?, p. 751.) Gibbon with indignant candour, 
describes their condition in his day in a manner yet more outspoken. 
' The schools of Oxford and Cambridge were founded in a dark age- 
of false and barbarous science; and they are still tainted with the 
vices of their origin. Their primitive discipline was adapted to the 
education of priests and monks ; and the government still remains 
in the hands of the clergy, an order of men whose manners are 
remote from the present world, and whose eyes are dazzled by the 
light of philosophy. . . . The shelves of their libraries groan under 
the weight of the Benedictine folios, of the editions of the Fathers, 
and the collections of the middle ages. . . . New improvements 
are admitted with slow and sullen reluctance in these proud cor- 
porations, above the fear of a rival, and below the confession of an 
error. ... So deeply are they rooted in law and prejudice, that 



DECLINE OP THE THEOLOGICAL SPIRIT. 43 

gradually deserting the darkness of antiquity for the 
light of Nature, the dead languages for living Science ; 
a general craving after secular knowledge on the part 
of those classes from whom such knowledge had 
hitherto been shut out. Systematic efforts made to 
popularise the sciences, and to facilitate the acquisition 
of their general principles. l It was during this period 
that there were established Sunday schools on the only 
day when the children of the working classes have 
time to attend them, also Sunday newspapers on the 
only day when the people have time to study them, 
and, let us hope that it is reserved for the historian of 
our own time to record, that the Public Museums of 
Science, Galleries of Art, Gardens of Botany and Hor- 
ticulture, Public Libraries and Pictorial Collections, 
were at length. thrown open to the People on Sunday, 2 

even the omnipotence of Parliament would shrink from an inquiry 
into the state and abuses of the two universities.' — Gibbon's Auto- 
biography, vol. i. pp. 28, 29, 30. See Appendix, Note I. 

1 See Buckle's History of Civilization, chap. vii. ' Outline of the 
History of the English Intellect from the middle of the sixteenth to 
the end of the eighteenth century.' 

2 The superstition of an English Sunday is still simply deplor- 
able. The gloom and depression produced among the people at 
large by all sources of innocent and instructive recreation being 
closed against them, whilst deprived of their daily avocations, is 
saddening to witness That there is no real ground for this super- 
stition, that it is purely conventional, is well known to all who have 
investigated the subject. That the Jewish sabbath can have no re- 
ference whatever to Christians is shown very clearly in, amongst 
other works, Baden Powell's Christianity without Judaism ; and that 
it cannot be derived from any of the hackneyed texts of the New 
Testament alleged in its support is very plainly proved in Sir W. 
Domville's exhaustive, and, to unprejudiced minds, conclusive argu- 
ment in his work on ' The Sabbath — an Examination of the Six 
Texts,' fyc, whose conclusion is, ' that in the Christian Scriptures 



44 THE PURSUIT OF TRUTH. 

the only day when they can have leisure to visit 
them. 1 

It was towards the end of this period, viz., in the 
year 1792, that there was passed one of those great 
parliamentary charters that form the constitutional 
bulwarks of our liberties, that most important amend- 
ment of the Law of Evidence, known at the time as 
' Fox's Libel Bill,' 2 whereby it was enacted that 

no warrant is to be found for the belief that we are enjoined by 
Divine authority to observe the Sunday either as a Sabbath day, or 
as a stated day of assembling for the purpose of public worship and 
religious instruction.' — Vol. i. p. 334. The Christians in fact never 
did observe the Sunday as a Sabbath or day of rest at all until the 
edict of Constantine, a.d. 321— the text of which is in these limited 
and guarded terms :— 

' Imp. Constant. A. Elpidio 

' Omnes judices urbanaaque plebes et cunctarum artium officia 
venerabili die Solis quiescant. Ruri tamen positi agrorum culturae 
libere licenterque inserviant, quoniam frequenter evenit, ut non 
aptius alio die frumenta sulcis aut vineae scrobibus mandentur, ne 
occasione momenti pereat commoditas ccelesti provisione concessa.' 
Dat. Nonis Martis Crispo II. et Constantino II. Conss. 321. — 
Corp. Jur. Civ. Codicis, lib. iii., tit. 12, s. 3. 

1 ' I venture to ask, would there really be anything wrong in 
using part of Sunday for the purpose of instructing those who have 
no other leisure in a knowledge of the phenomena of Nature, and of 
man's relation to Nature ? . . . And if any ecclesiastically minded 
persons object that they find it derogatory to the honour of the God 
whom they worship, to awaken the minds of- the young to the in- 
finite wonder and majesty of the works which they proclaim His, 
and to teach them those laws which must needs be His laws, and 
therefore of all things needful for man to know . . . there must be 
something very wrong going on in the instrument of their logic, if 
it turns out such conclusions from such premises.' — Huxley, Sci- 
entific Education. Lay Sermons, pp. 78, 79. 

2 32 Geo. III., c. 60. — ' An Act to remove doubts respecting 
the function of juries in cases of Libel.' ' This just and beneficent 
statute.' — Speech of Earl Grey, May 12, 1817. Previously to the 



DECAY OF ECCLESIASTICAL POWER. 45 

thenceforth, whether or not the publishing a particular 
writing amounted .to the offence of Libel should be a 
matter of evidence to be determined by the Jury, and 
not a question of law to be decided by the Judge. 
Previously to the passing of this important statute the 
sole function of the Jury was limited to finding the 
fact of publication. Whether or not the writing and 
publishing were libellous was reserved for the opinion 
of the Judge, the accused was therefore left at the 
Judge's mercy, without any adequate protection from 
the Jury. We may further note that the close of the 
eighteenth century was made memorable by a fact 
most significant of the decline of ecclesiastical power, 
viz., the expulsion of professed theologians from one 
branch of the Legislature. It was in the year 1801 
that the House of Commons formally closed its doors 
against the admission of the Clergy as a body whose 
ideas and traditions unfitted them for the exigencies of 
political life. 1 During however the seventeenth and 

passing of this Act, the jury were only to find the fact of publica- 
tion ; the criminality of the writing, as a question of law, wa3 
exclusively for the decision of the Court. ' This, my Lords, was 
long contended for, and long acted upon, as law; till, happily 
for the freedom of the press, and for the liberty of the country, of 
which the press is the great palladium, by the perseverance of my 
noble and learned friend (Lord Erskine), and by the exertions of 
the man whom, in public life, I most loved and admired (Charles J. 
Fox), that principle was at length exploded ; and by the Libel Bill 
it was at length established, that in prosecutions for libel, both the 
law and the fact were within the province of the jury, and to be 
determined by them.' — Earl Grey, ub. sup. 

1 41 Geo. III., c. 63. — ' Whereas it is expedient to remove doubts 
that have arisen respecting the eligibility of persons in Holy Orders 
to sit in the House of Commons, and also to make effectual pro- 



46 THE PURSUIT OF TRUTH. . 

eighteenth centuries the most enlightened understand- 
ings were unable to free themselves from the influence 
of theological prejudice ; even the mighty intellect of 
Sir Isaac Newton was powerless to resist the pressure 
of the age, and that majestic mind became darkened 
and confused when attempting to interpret the Pro- 
phecies of Daniel and the Visions of the Apocalypse. 1 
It was not until after the close of the eighteenth century 
that the exact Sciences were finally rescued from the 
quagmire of theological controversy. To return. 2 
The commencement of the seventeenth century 
probably represents that period of our history when, 
having regard to the average intelligence of the age, 
theological ideas and influences were most predomi- 
nant, and generally diffused. No doubt, if we go back 
a century or so earlier, descending to the dark ages, 
when the intellect of the country seemed absorbed by 
the Church and the Cloister, times of mingled super- 
vision for excluding them from sitting therein ; ' 'be it therefore 
declared and enacted, &c, that no person having been ordained to 
the office of Priest or Deacon, or being a Minister of the Church of 
Scotland, is, or shall be capable of being elected to serve in Parlia- 
ment as a member of the House of Commons.' 

1 See Appendix, Note J. 

2 Previously to the seventeenth century, l c'cst la theologie qui pos- 
sede et dirige l'esprit humain ; toutes les opinions sont empreintes de 
theologie ; les questions philosophiques, politiques, historiques, sont 
toujours considerees sous un point de vue theologique. L'eglise est 
tenement souveraine dans l'ordre intellectual, que meme les sciences 
mathematiques et physiques sont tenues de se soumettre a ses doc- 
trines.' — Guizot, Civilisation en Europe, p. 166. The result was 
that the ablest minds were immersed in the consideration of ques- 
tions inaccessible to human reason, and thereby diverted from sub- 
jects in which their efforts would have been available for the general 
purposes of civilization. 



THE REFORMATION. 47 

stition, ferocity and licentiousness, we should find such 
influences yet more depressing, but then the ignorance 
and credulity of the community were so dense and 
widespread that illustrations drawn from those ages 
would cast scarcely any light upon the subject we are 
now considering. Their notions of the nature of the 
Evidence required to establish a fact, or to ascertain 
guilt or innocence, were such as are seen in trial by 
Ordeal, and by the Corsned and Wager of Battle, that 
is, perpetual appeals to Providence to manifest truth by 
a miracle. 1 At the opening of the seventeenth century 
however, the case was different, for, though, as regards 
the general mind, Science was then hardly more than 
in its dawn, great intellectual activity was beginning 
to prevail. Our country, roused by the surging waves 
of that grand uprising of the human mind, the Kefor- 

1 ' The most ancient species of trial was that by ordeal, which 
was peculiarly distinguished by the appellation judicium Dei. . , . 
One cannot but be astonished at the folly and impiety of pronouncing 
a man guilty, unless he was cleared by a miracle, and of expecting 
that all the powers of Nature should be suspended, by an immediate 
interposition of Providence. Another species of purgation, pro- 
bably sprung from a presumptuous abuse of revelation in the ages 
of dark superstition, was the corsned, or morsel of execration — 
being a piece of cheese or bread of about an ounce in weight, 
which was consecrated with a form of exorcism ; desiring of the 
Almighty that it might cause convulsions and find no passage, if 
the man was really guilty. . . . Trial by battle, duel, or single 
combat was another species of presumptuous appeals to Provi- 
dence, under an expectation that Heaven would unquestionably give 
the victory to the innocent or injured party.' Trial by ordecd was 
abolished in England by Act of Parliament, 3rd Henry III. Trial 
by the corsned was gradually abolished by disuse. Trial by battle 
lasted a long while, and was not suppressed till the 59th George III., 
c. 46. — Blackstone's Commentaries on the Laws of England, vol. iv. 
ch. 27. 



48 THE PURSUIT OF TRUTH. 

mation, 1 had recently passed through a series of eccle- 
siastical revolutions, and the passions and violence of 

1 ' The Reformers, who intended only to arrange the state of 
theological opinion, restored man to the free exercise of his reason.' 
— Mackintosh, Ed. Review, vol. xxxvi., October 1821. The con- 
dition of the religious world at the outbreak of the Reformation is 
summed up with graphic force by Condorcet: — 'The Roman pontiffs 
subjugating ignorant credulity by acts grossly forged ; mixing reli- 
gion with all the transactions of civil life, to render them more 
subservient to their avarice or their pride ; punishing by ana- 
themas, from which the people shrank with horror, the least oppo- 
sition to their laws, the smallest resistance of their absurd 
pretensions ; having an army of monks in every state, ready, by 
their impostures, to enhance the terrors of superstition, thereby to 
feed the flame of fanaticism ; depriving nations of their worship 
and ceremonies, upon which depended their religious hopes, to 
kindle civil war ; disturbing all, to govern all ; commanding in the 
name of God, treason and perfidy, assassination and parricide; 
making kings and warriors now the instruments, and now the vic- 
tims, of their revenge. . . . The morality of this period, which it 
was the province of the priests alone to inculcate, gave birth to a 
multitude of duties purely religious, and of imaginary sins. These 
duties were more strongly enforced than those of nature, and actions 
indifferent, lawful, and even virtuous, were censured and punished 
with greater severity than actual crimes. Meanwhile a momentary 
repentance, consecrated by the absolution of a priest, opened the 
gates of heaven to the wicked ; and donations to the Church, with 
the observance of certain practices flattering to its pride, sufficed to 
atone for a life crowded with iniquity. . . . The manners of thia 
epoch were unfortunately worthy of a system so pregnant with cor- 
ruption, so rootedly depraved. Their nature may be learned from 
the progress of this very system itself; from the monks, sometimes 
inventing old miracles, sometimes fabricating new ones, and nourish- 
ing with prodigies and fables the stupid ignorance of the people, 
whom they deceived in order to rob them ; from the doctors of the 
Church employing the little imagination they possessed in enriching 
their creed with further absurdities, j and exceeding, if possible, those 
which had been transmitted to them ; from the priests obliging 
princes to consign to the flames the men who presumed to doubt 
any of their dogmas or investigate their impostures or blush for 
their crimes. . . . Till the present epoch the crimes of the priest- 



TRIAL OF SIR WALTER RALEIGH. 49 

the multitude, no less than the duplicity and selfishness 
of the leaders, displayed throughout those momentous 
changes of faith, from Eoman Catholic to Protestant in 
the reign of Edward VI., from Protestant to Eoman 
Catholic in the reign of Mary, and back again from 
Eoman Catholic to Protestant in the reign of Elizabeth, 
of themselves show how deeply theological ideas and 
sentiments were stirring society. And what, we may 
inquire, had they practically effected for the happiness 
or security of the people ? As regards the adminis- 
tration of Justice, the trial of Sir Walter Ealeigh may 
somewhat instruct us. Ealeigh was charged with, and 
tried for, the commission of High Treason, in compass- 
ing to depose and destroy the King, and to advance 
the Lady Arabella Stuart to the throne. In the result, 
as you are aware, he was found guilty — by a jury who 
founded their verdict upon the hearsay declaration of 
a single witness, made behind the prisoner's back, con- 
cerning a statement alleged to have been uttered by 

hood had escaped with impunity. The cries of oppressed humanity, 
of violated reason, had been stifled in flames and in blood. At last, 
the scandal of farming to the monks the privilege of selling in taverns 
and public places the expiation of sins, occasioned a new explosion. 
Luther, holding in one hand the sacred books, exposed with the 
other the right which the Pope had arrogated to himself of ab- 
solving crimes and selling pardons; the fraternal supper of the 
primitive Christians, converted, under the name of Mass, into a 
species of magical incantation and an object of commerce ; priests 
condemned to the crime of irrevocable celibacy, the same cruel and 
scandalous law extended to the monks and nuns with which ponti- 
fical ambition had inundated and polluted the Church ; all the 
secrets of the laity consigned, by means of confession, to the in- 
trigties and the passions of priests ; God himself, in short, scarcely 
retaining a feeble share in the adorations bestowed in profusion 
upon bread, men, bones, and statues.' — Condorcet's Historical View 
E 



50 THE PURSUIT OF TRUTH. 

him at a distant day and in a foreign land. 1 Evidence 
this, which would now rightly be regarded as in- 
adequate to prove a debt in an action for the recovery 
of five pounds. The conduct of the trial reflecting 
dire disgrace upon the chief actors in it ; the great 
Crown lawyer, Sir Edward Coke, insulting and brow- 
beating the distinguished defendant in a way shameful 
even to read of, and the Judges deliberately ignoring 
the very Statute of Treasons itself, 2 which plainly re- 
quires two witnesses to give their evidence viva voce in 
open Court, in the presence of the accused. And this 
judicial iniquity perpetrated, not in the interests of 

of the Progress of the Human Mind, pp. 143, 144, 149, 150, 190, 
191. 

1 ' The most trifling evidence that ever was given was the testi- 
mony of Dyer at this trial, who, in order to influence the jury, 
declared he heard a gentleman say at Lisbon, Don Raleigh and 
Don Cobham would cut the King's throat before he was crowned.' 
— Salmon's Critical Review of the State Trials, p. 51. 

2 The Statute of Treasons is the 25th of Edward III. ch. ii. 
The Statute referred to in the text is the 5th and 6th Edward VI. 
ch. xi., which expressly enacts (sec. xii.) that no person shall be 
attainted of treason but upon the testimony of two lawful accusers, 
' which said accusers at the time of the arraignment of the party 
accused, if they be then living, shall be brought in person before 
the party so accused and avow and maintain that that they have to 
say against the party to prove him guilty of the treasons or offences 
contained in the bill of indictment laid against the party arraigned.' 
— Statutes at Large. Raleigh, resting his defence partly on the non- 
production of two witnesses, the Lord Chief Justice declared ' that 
the statute which required this was repealed, in which the rest of 
the Court concurred.' — Salmon's Critical Review of the State Trials, 
p. 51. This statement by the Court was most extraordinary, 
neither they nor Sir Edward Coke attempting to show by what 
Act the 5th and 6th of Edward VI. ch. xi. was repealed. In fact, 
it is still unrepealed upon the Statute Book. — Crabb's Digest and 
Index of all the Statutes, vol. i. p. 974. 



TRIAL OF WILLIAM HONE. 51 

Justice, nor out of regard for Truth, but, to strike 
down, at the bidding of Spain, a noble English cha- 
racter, the most accomplished gentleman of the age he 
so adorned, one of old England's Worthies, whose 
enviable superiority had rendered his existence unen- 
durable to the creatures of corruption, and parasites 
of power, that surrounded the throne of James L, and 
who conspired with that superstitious and craven- 
hearted king thus to relieve themselves of the over- 
powering presence of the illustrious Sir Walter 
Ealeigh. 1 

We will now turn from the year 1603, (when The- 
ology was supreme and everybody believed in it,) to 
the year 1817, (when Science had appeared above the 
horizon, and the popular mind was becoming illumi- 
nated by the rays of the rising sun,) and we approach 
the consideration of the trial of William Hone. At 
the time we have now reached, political passions raged 
high, and the Government of the day were casting 
about them to see how they could most effectually 
suppress the various political and seditious squibs and 
satires, with which they were being assailed by the 
Press from all quarters. An arch offender in this line, 
to have crushed whom would indeed have been a 
masterly stroke, William Cobbett, eluded their grasp 
by fleeing to America, not, as he expressed it, to evade 

1 ' To dilate upon Sir "Walter Raleigh's murder is almost super- 
fluous. No one, without reading it, can form a complete notion of 
what then went by the name of a trial in an English Court of Jus- 
tice.' — Phillimore's History of the Law of Evidence, p. 157, wherein 
is a very graphic account of this trial, taken for the most part from 
Mr. Jardine's Criminal Trials. 



52 THE PURSUIT OF TRUTH. 

a contest with the Attorney-General, but a contest with 
incarceration in a dungeon, deprived of pen, ink, and 
paper; for the power of committal before trial was 
being employed by the Government against their 
political opponents with indiscriminate and unsparing 
severity. William Hone was an obscure bookseller, 
but no worthier foe was for the moment to be met 
with, and he was forthwith arrested and thrown into 
jail, and subsequently placed upon his trial for, amongst 
other matters, having, by publishing a Parody on St. 
Athanasius's Creed * sought to bring Eeligion into con- 
tempt. The Parody in question was in fact a political 
satire upon the Government, and Hone's offence in 
reality, if any, was that of sedition ; but the unpopu- 
larity of the Government prevented their prosecuting 
him for that which in their eyes constituted the 
gravamen of his guilt, and impelled them to seek 
to punish him ostensibly for what they probably did 
not care twopence about. Hone conducted his defence 
himself, and by a masterly display of evidence, derived 
from a vast array of literary research, satisfied the 
jury that whenever a theological creed or formulary 
had been parodied for the praiseworthy purpose of 
exposing political profligacy, numerous instances in 
our history, and in the history of Europe, proved, that 

1 In 1817 an obscure bookseller's parody of the Athanasian 
Creed meets with prosecution on the part of the Government. In 
1873 an orthodox Archdeacon's vigorous defence of it is character- 
ised by an Oxford Professor as ' a tale told by an idiot, full of 
pound and fury, signifying nothing' ! — Literature and Dogma, by 
Matthew Arnold, p. 347. The progressive change of sentiment 
here recorded is very remarkable. 



FREEDOM OF THE POLITICAL PRESS. 53 

the authors had not been guilty, for indeed they never 
had had the intention, of showing contempt for Eeligion. 
He proved that Martin Luther had, with somewhat like 
object, parodied the Psalms, that the Cavaliers, to show 
their contempt for Soundheads and Puritans, made a 
practice of indulging in such parodies, and that 
Canning, the great Minister, had published in the 
c Anti- Jacobin ' a political parody of the Benedicite, 
without incurring censure ; and, as to the Athanasian 
Creed, Hone showed that some of our soundest 
Divines, including Warburton and Tillotson, and even 
the father of Lord Ellenborough the judge who was 
trying him, viz., Edmund Law, Bishop of Carlisle 
(like indeed many eminent Prelates of our own day) 
had all expressed more or less dissatisfaction with, 
and dislike of it. In vain the Attorney-General 
endeavoured to destroy the force of this evidence with 
the jury, who were by the Judge beseeched ' as Chris- 
tian gentlemen ' to find the prisoner guilty. The jury, 
in this poor bookseller's case, were made of different 
metal from that which tried the heroic Ealeigh ; the 
times too were changed, and, allowing its full weight 
to the evidence that had been laid before them, the 
jury returned a verdict of acquittal ; thereby restoring 
William Hone to liberty, and, at the same time, vindi- 
cating the freedom of the British Political Press; a 
freedom which is no empty sound, but every English- 
man's security against wrong. * 

1 Hone was tried on three indictments, one after the other ; but, 
in spite of the efforts of the Law officers of the Crown, and the strong 
summing up of the Judges (Mr. Justice Abbot on the first indict- 



54 THE PURSUIT OF TRUTH. 

On concluding our comparative review of these two 
celebrated criminal trials, a few reflections suggest 
themselves. In the first place, I will remark, that the 
primary purpose of judicial inquiry must ever be the 
discovery of Truth, for the great interest of the com- 
munity of a free country governed by Law is, that 
Justice, which practically * is only another name for 

ment, and Chief Justice Ellenborougli on the second and third), he 
was acquitted on each charge. Though no mention is made of 
these trials in Phillimore's ' History of the Law and Principles 
of Evidence,' they form a conspicuous landmark in the history of 
our jurisprudence. ' As to the three acquittals, it is probable that 
three juries, consisting of respectable London merchants, would 
have assuredly convicted the defendant, had they not felt that the 
real sting of the alleged profaneness was the severity of the poli- 
tical satire. . . . Although the indictments stated that the parodies 
were seditious as well as profane, the sedition was studiously kept 
in the background. The second and third trials looked like perse- 
cution, and public opinion threw its shield over the accused. Alto- 
gether the three trials of "William Hone are amongst the most 
remarkable in our constitutional history. They produced more 
distinct effects upon the temper of the country than any public 
proceedings of that time. They taught the Government a lesson 
which has never been forgotten, and to which, as much as to any 
other cause, we owe the prodigious improvement as to the law of 
libel itself, and the use of the law in our own day ; an improve- 
ment which leaves what is dangerous in the press to be corrected 
by the press itself; and, instead of lamenting over the newly 
acquired ability of the masses to read . , . depends upon the 
general diffusion of this ability as the surest corrective of the evilu 
that are incident even to the best gift of heaven — that of know- 
ledge.' — History of the Peace, 1816-1846, by Harriet Martineau, 
p. 60. 

1 Justice is in theory paramount to all merely positive laws. 
According to the lofty conceptions of the Roman Jurists — ' Justitia 
est constans et perpetua voluntas jus suum cuique tribuendi.' And 
the ultimate principles of Law — ' Juris prascepti sunt haec : honeste 
vivere, alterum non lsedere, suum cuique tribuere.' Their defini- 
tion of the Science of Jurisprudence is inspired by a yet more sub- 



SCIENTIFIC VERIFICATION. 55 

the equal application of the Law, shall be righteously 
administered. Whilst the terror of the Law should be 
its impartiality, and its severity the justness of its appli- 
cation, Justice itself can only be righteous by being 
based on Truth. Whether a particular criminal be 
convicted or acquitted is, so far as the public are con- 
cerned, a secondary consideration to the paramount 
importance of the strict administration of Justice, and 
to that feeling of security and confidence which loyal 
citizens derive from their conviction that it is so 
administered. The improvement of our Law of Evi- 
dence, as I have sought (somewhat slightly) to show, 
has followed the progress and development of the 
Physical Sciences, not only in relation to their grand 
discoveries of Truth, imbuing the human mind with 
conceptions of fixed order and regularity, in place of 
the old notions of providential interference and of 
miracle, 1 but to their methods of searching for and 
verifying it. It is Science that has taught men that 
Truth, as to all matters whatever, is the result of free 
inquiry, and not of credulity, and that the testimony 
of sense is the certificate of certitude ; to scrutinise all 
general propositions postulated to control particular 

lime sentiment — ' Jurisprudentia est divinarum atque humanarum 
rerurn notitia, justi atque injusti scientia.' — Just. Inst., D. i. t. i. 

S3. 1, 3. 

1 ' Those old and eminently irreligious dogmas of supernatural 
interference with the affairs of life, which superstition has invented, 
and ignorance has bequeathed, and the present acceptance of which 
betokens the yet early condition of our knowledge, the penury of 
our intellectual resources, and the inveteracy of the prejudices in 
which we are still immersed.' — Buckle, History of Civilization, vol. ii. 
p. 489. 



50 TTIE PURSUIT OF TRUTH. 

facts ; to- distrust whatever cannot be verified by the in- 
ductive logic 1 of facts ; to distinguish what is fact, from 
what is inference or construction therefrom ; and to 
require that doubt shall, in all questions of evidence, be 
dispelled by verification, that is, appeal to Observation 
and Experience, the crucial test of Experiment, or the 
ordeal of Cross-examination, and not to the authority 
of bare assertion, however ancient or venerable. 2 

The most glaring defect in our present Law of 
Criminal Evidence will probably at no distant date be 
amended, by following still more closely the great 
scientific canon of discovery, viz., the interrogation of 
Nature. It is to the use of this organon, so powerfully 
grasped by the great secular philosophers of the seven- 
teenth century, 3 that we owe the most magnificent 

1 See Appendix, Note K. 

a ' Without verification a theoretic conception is a mere figment 
of the intellect. . . . The region of theory, both in science and 
theology, lies behind the world of the senses, but the verification of 
theory occurs in the sensible world. To check the theory we have 
simply to compare the deductions from it with the facts of observa- 
tion. If the deductions be in accordance with the facts, Ave accept 
the theory ; if in opposition, the theory is given up. A single ex- 
periment is frequently devised by which a theory must stand or 
fall. . . . But while science cheerfully submits to this ordeal, it 
seems impossible to devise a mode of verification of their theories 
which does not arouse resentment in theological minds.' — Professor 
Tyndall, Contemporary Revieiv, 'On Prayer,' Oct. 1872. 

3 Especially Bacon, Descartes, and Locke. ' Each of these great 
men attacked with marvellous success some intellectual vice which 
lay at the very root of the old habits of thought. Bacon's mag- 
nificent development of the inductive method made it supreme in 
science, and he is pre-eminently noted for his classification of the 
idola or distorting influences that act on the mind, and for his con- 
stant injunction to correct theory by confronting it with facts. 
Descartes converted " cogito ergo sum " into the basis of a great 



INTERROGATION OF NATURE. 57 

results which Science has achieved, whereby the power 
and dignity of man have been so much increased, and 
the happiness of life on earth so variously augmented ; 
and no severer shock to the scientific mind can well be 
conceived than that which occurs on learning, that in 
every case when a person is accused of crime his 
mouth is compulsorily closed — that those lips, which 
to Science would be the primary source for ascertain- 
ing the facts of the case, are to Justice hermetically 

philosophy. He taught that the beginning of all knowledge was the 
rejection of prejudice, and a firm resolution to bring every opinion 
to the test of individual judgment — to divorce philosophy from eru- 
dition, and to make it an appeal to the reasoning powers of ordinary 
men. Locke taught the necessity of mapping out the limits of the 
human faculties, and, by his doctrine concerning innate ideas, and, 
above all, by his masterly analysis of Enthusiasm, he gave the 
deathblow to the opinions of those who would remove a certain class 
of mental phenomena altogether from the jurisdiction of the reason.' 
— Lecky's History of Rationalism in Europe, vol. i. pp. 440-442. 
Of Descartes' ' Discours de la Methode pour bien conduire sa 
Paison et chercher la Verite dans les Sciences,' Professor Huxley 
declares that ' its golden rule is — to give unqualified assent to no pro- 
positions but those the truth of which is so clear and distinct that 
they cannot be doubted. The enunciation of this great first com- 
mandment of science consecrated Doubt. It removed Doubt from 
the seat of penance among the grievous sins to which it had long 
been condemned, and enthroned it in that high place among the 
primary duties, which is assigned to it by the scientific conscience 
of these latter days.' — Huxley, On Descartes' ' Discourse ' — Lay 
Se?7nons, <J-c, p. 354. ' Philosophy . . . chiefly flourishes from the 
free opposition of sentiments and argumentation. . . . I think that the 
State ought to tolerate every principle of philosophy ; nor is there 
an instance, that any government has suffered in its political inte- 
rests by such indulgence. There is no enthusiasm among philoso- 
phers ; their doctrines are not very alluring to the people : and no 
restraint can be put upon their reasonings, but what must be of 
dangerous consequence to the sciences.' — Hume's Enquiry con- 
cerning Human Understanding, sec. xi. 



58 THE PURSUIT OF TRUTH. 

sealed ; the interrogation of the accused in any form 
being, by our law, positively forbidden. * That no 
satisfactory reason can be given for this strange an- 
omaly is well known to all who have carefully con- 
sidered the subject. It is a rule (however originating) 
preserved for the protection of the accused in times 
when, such were the usages of our barbarous juris- 
prudence, an accused person but too often required 
protection ; times when the methods of the Sciences 
were nearly altogether unknown. If a man be guilty, 
no doubt he would be afraid of examination lest he 
should betray himself, and his statement would most 

1 ' At present, as is well known, when a man is charged with 
crime, his mouth is closed ; he can only make a statement, but not 
give evidence; and this is the law, even when his life or liberty are 
at stake, and when his own evidence might save him.' — Joseph 
Brown, Q.C., in an able and exhaustive paper ' On the Bill to amend 
the Law of Evidence ,' read before the Society for Promoting the 
Amendment of the Law, April 18, 1872. See their Sessional Pro- 
ceedings, vol. v. No. 14, p. 225. Between the interrogation of 
nature physical and inorganic, and the interrogation of man sentient 
and moral, the analogy is not close. Of course, it is not intended 
to be suggested in the text that an accused person should be placed 
under such a pressure of interrogation as would amount to moral 
torture; but, he should be allowed to give his statement on oath, 
which should be submitted as evidence, and with the moral weight 
of evidence, to the jury, and he should be subject to cross-examina- 
tion in the same manner as his accuser. If he declined to make any 
sworn statement, or to answer any enquiries, no i peine forte et 
dui-e, 1 either physical or moral, should be resorted to, in order to 
extort a statement. ' Anyhow it seems the height of injustice to 
close the mouth of a prisoner when a tissue of plausible charges and 
facts is alleged against him, and when he is the only person who is 
competent to give the connecting link which may change their 
whole complexion. A severe cross-examination of an accused 
person is undoubtedly, on many grounds, not to be encouraged.' — 
Sheldon Amos's Science of Jurisprudence, p. 331. 



MAGNA CHARTA. 59 

probably tend towards proof of his guilt ; but then the 
interests of the community in detecting guilt would be 
served. On the other hand, if a man be innocent, he 
must desire to be heard, expecting to convey his own 
consciousness of innocence to the Jury, and the state- 
ment of an innocent man would as probably tend 
towards ensuring his acquittal. In short, our present 
system is ' exactly what a guilty man must wish, and 
exactly what an innocent man must dread.' 2 When we 
reflect that our Property, our Lives and our Liberty 
are ultimately disposable by the verdict of a Jury, and 
that such verdict is assumed to be a rigid inference 
from the Evidence brought before them, it seems 
hardly possible to overrate the importance of making 
that branch of our Law which embraces the canons 
of Judicial Proof as nearly scientifically perfect as 
possible. 

In our free country it is the safeguard of the citizen 
that he can only be condemned by due course of Law, 
decreed as our birthright by Magna Charta 2 — ' Legale 

1 Joseph Brown, Q. C, ubi. sup. 

s 9th Hen. III. c. 29. — The first Act of Parliament upon our 
Statute Book (King John's magna charta, does not appear upon our 
Statute Roll at all). The 9th of Hen. III. ' Magna Charta,' though it 
is printed in all editions of the Statutes as a law made in the 9th 
year of Henry the Third is, more properly, a transcript from the 
Boll of 25 Edward I., who then confirmed it by an Inspeximus of the 
magna charta of his father. — Barrington, On the Ancient Statutes, 
p. 5. The charter of King John was reduced from certain articles 
agreed upon between the King and the Barons at Runnimede, and 
to which the King affixed his great seal — ' Articuli magne carte 
libertaturn sub sigillo regis Johannis.' The original articles are 
apparently in private hands, the representatives of Burnet, Bishop of 
Salisbury Of the charter itself there were transcribed numerous 



60 THE TURSUIT OF TRUTH. 

judicium pariura suorum, vel per legem terrcc ' — hence 
the Law comes to be respected above all things, and, 
however clear the distinction that a logically cultured 
mind can draw between ethical and legal conceptions, 
practically, to the bulk of our people the Law really 
forms their moral code. Habitual observance and 
experience of legal sanctions constitutes an important 
part of their moral education ; they arc insensibly 
trained to think as morally right whatever the Law 
allows, and morally wrong whatever the Law con- 
demns ; thus they become law-abiding ; and thus too 
they are made moral or immoral by Act of Parliament, 
To ensure therefore that the dictates of the Law shall 
coincide with the precepts of morality must be a matter 
of the highest possible importance. 

In the social life of civilised communities reaction is 
continually operating between legal rules and moral 
principles, and as the latter become refined and 
elevated through the increasing culture of the highly 

originals, two of which are in the British Museum removed thither 
with the rest of Sir Eobert Cotton's collection. — Sir W. Blackstone's 
' The Great Charter, with introductory discourse] fyc. ' The 29th 
article of this charter (9th of Hen. III.) is that important clause 
which forbids arbitrary imprisonment and punishment without 
lawful trial. ... In this clause are clearly contained the writ of 
Habeas Corpus, and the Trial by Jury, the most effectual securities 
against oppression which the wisdom of man has hitherto been able 
to devise.' — Sir J. Mackintosh's History of England, vol. i. p. 219. 
The following is the text of this celebrated clause : — ' Nullus liber 
homo capiatur vel imprisonetur aut disseisiatur de libero tenemento 
suo, vel libertatibus, vel liberis consuetudinibus suis, aut utlagetur, 
aut exulet, aut aliquo modo destruatur : nee super eum ibimus, nee 
super eum mittemus, nisi per legale judicium parium suorum, vel 
per legem terre. Nulli vendemus, nulli negabimus aut differemus, 
rectum vel justitiam.' 



ALLIANCE OF PHYSICAL AND MOEAL LAWS. 61 

educated class, the rules of law are gradually reformed 
and brought into harmony with such progressive 
moral standard. 1 Moral progress itself largely consist- 
ing in the constant transference of disputes and conten- 
tions, as they arise, from the arena of brute force and 
arbitrary will, to the domain of enlightened intellect 
and determinate Law ; and the moral and physical laws 
are allied by a closer analogy than is usually suspected. 
Justice, observed Plato, is, in the mind, analogous 
to Health in the body, and Injustice is analogous to 
Disease in the body ; 2 so, precisely as the philanthropic 

1 ' It may be laid down that social necessities and social opinion 
are always more or less in advance of Law. Laws are stable. So- 
cieties are progressive. The greater or less happiness of a people 
depends on the degree of promptitude with which the two are made 
to coincide. The Roman Jurisprudence has the longest known 
history of any set of human institutions. The character of all the 
changes which it' underwent is tolerably well ascertained. From its 
commencement to its close it was progressively modified for the 
better.' — Maine's Ancient Law, ch. 2, p. 24. In reference to the 
progressive changes and improved morality of our own Laws, see 
Blackstone's Commentaries on the Laws of England, vol. iv. ch. 
xxxiii., ' On the Rise, Progress, and gradual Improvement of the 
Laws of England? 

2 ' Justice is in the mind what health is in the body, when the 
parts are so arranged as to control and be controlled pursuant to the 
dictates of Nature. Injustice is in the mind what disease is in the 
bodjr, when the parts are so arranged as to control and be controlled 
contrary to the dictates of Nature. Virtue is thus the health, 
beauty, good condition of the mind : Vice is the disease, ugliness, 
weakness of the mind.' — Plato, Republic, iv. p. 444. Grote's Plato, 
vol. iii. p. 66. 

' The variety of distempers in men's minds is as great as of those 
in their bodies; some are epidemic, few escape them; and every 
one too, if he would look into himself, would find some defect of his 
particular genius. There is scarce anyone without some idiosyncrasy 
that he suffers by.' — Locke's Conduct of the Understanding, sec. 38. 



62 THE PURSUIT OP TRUTH. 

physician, dealing with human life in subjection to 
the organic laws, aims at the preservation of health, 
rather than at the cure of disease ; because Science 
has taught him that all physical suffering results from 
the breach of such laws, and that in proportion as the 
laws are obeyed, recourse to his curative art becomes 
unnecessary ; so the real legal reformer aims at har- 
monising the rules of positive law with the principles 
of moral rectitude, rather than at facilitating the course 
of legal procedure ; because Science has taught him 
that in proportion as this is done men are induced to 
obey the moral law, they thereby become a law unto 
themselves, and the lawyer's occupation is practically 
gone ; for the necessity of resorting to legal craft is as 
strictly the result of moral disease, as recourse to 
medical skill is necessitated by physical disease, and 
though, in our present state of society, both medical 
skill and legal craft are beneficent evils, yet each but 
manifests to the philosopher an abnormal condition of 
human existence. 

In conclusion I venture to affirm what, if time per- 
mitted, I could without difficulty demonstrate ; that 
the history of morals in Modern Europe everywhere 
shows, that the elevation of the moral standard, by 
moral beliefs becoming gradually sifted of superstitions, 
purified from prejudices, 1 and placed paramount to 
theological dogmas, has been mainly brought about by 
the dissemination of the truths and methods of inquiry 

1 ' This great and dangerous impostor, prejudice, who dresses up 
falsehood in the likeness of truth, and so dexterously hoodwinks 
men's minds as to keep them in the dark with a belief that they are 
more in the light than any that do not see with their eyes.' — Locke's 
Conduct of the Understanding, sec. 10. 



CONNEXION OF PHYSICAL AND MORAL SCIENCE. 63 

resulting from the cultivation of the Physical Sciences ; l 
whereby men have learned (amongst other matters) in 

1 ' The backward state of the Moral Sciences can only be remedied 
by applying to them the methods of the Physical Sciences duly ex- 
tended and verified.' — Mill's Logic, book vi. ch. i. s. 1. The his- 
torical investigation indicated in the text has been systematically 
attempted, up to the present time, by M. Comte alone. The ' Philo- 
sophic Positive ' is hitherto the only known example of the study of 
social phenomena according to this conception of the historical 
analysis of moral progress. Amongst the many noble sentiments 
scattered throughout that masterly treatise is one that can scarcely 
be too sufficiently admired, viz. that notwithstanding the tendency 
of theological faith, so striking for three centuries past, to promote 
hatred and disturbance, rather than order and charity, such is the 
spontaneous rectitude of human nature that it has been found im- 
possible altogether to corrupt it, and that the great principles of 
morality have in general cases remained stable. Comte also points 
out that the selfish theory, directly derived from theology, which 
makes morality consist ultimately in a care for personal salvation, 
has gradually given way, in the growing conflict between scientific 
discovery and theological dogma ; the latter being shown to be 
hostile to the purest and noblest aspirations of the human mind ; 
that beliefs which contended for the moral government of mankind 
have been exploded, and the incompatibility of theology with the 
spread of genuine knowledge thereby directly revealed, pointing to 
a final emancipation of the human reason from all theology what- 
ever ; the progress of Science proving its supreme importance as 
the true basis of moral and social reorganisation, and indicating how 
entirely all virtue is independent of the beliefs which in the infancy 
of humanity had been indispensable to its support. That the phy- 
sical sciences really form the true basis of morality, and that moral 
progress takes place in proportion to their development, is not only 
historically, but necessarily, true, when once it is acknowledged that 
happiness is the ultimate end to be contemplated, the very object of 
virtue itself; for the aim of the physical sciences is the discovery of 
natural laws, and all natural laws hitherto discovered show that 
man's pleasure and pain depend respectively in this world upon 
obedience and disobedience to their dictates. It is the nature also 
of the moral sentiments of man to desire happiness, hence the one 
are physically constituted in harmony with the other, ' organisation 
being the great link that connects the moral and physical Avorlds.' — ■ 
Combe's Constitution of Man, ch. i. ' It is the business of morality 



64 THE PURSUIT OP TRUTH. 

analogy to the scientific interrogation of Nature, to 
interrogate their Moral Sense, to interpret its prompt- 
ings, and to judge finally of what is True, and what is 
Good, not by the traditional teachings of Authority, 
but by the enlightened dictates of Reason, of Experi- 
ence, and of 1 Conscience. 2 

or moral science — the science of right conduct — to deduce, from the 
laws of life and the conditions of existence, what kinds of action 
necessarily tend to produce happiness, and what kinds to produce 
unhappiness. Having done this its deductions are to be recognised 
as laws of conduct. ... As moral science developes, there are 
developing in the human race certain fundamental moral intuitions, 
the results of accumulated experiences of utility, which, gradually 
organised and inherited, have come to be independent of conscious 
experience.' — Herbert Spencer, quoted in Bain's Mental and Moral 
Science, vol. ii. pp. 721,722. Hence ' The questions with which 
an historian of morals is chiefly concerned are the changes that 
have taken place in the moral standard and in the moral type . . . 
and in the realised morals of the people ... to show what virtues 
are especially appropriate to each successive stage of civilisation,' and 
why they are so. — Lecky's History of European Morals, Preface. 

1 ' Conscience, the supreme interpreter, whom it may be a duty 
to enlighten, but whom it can never be a duty to disobey.' — Dr. 
Temple, l Education of the World ' — Essays and Reviews, p. 45. 
' Had it strength, as it had right ; had it power, as it had manifest 
authority, it would absolutely govern the world.' — Butler's Sermons 
upon Human Nature, ii. 

2 ' If ' (in the perusal of the foregoing discourse) ' the reader has 
met with opinions adverse to his own, he should remember that hi3 
views are, perchance, the same as those which I once held, and 
which I have abandoned, because, after a wider range of study, I 
found them unsupported by valid proof, subversive of the interests 
of Man, and fatal to the progress of his knowledge. To examine 
the notions in which we have been educated, and to turn aside 
from those which will not bear the test, is a task so painful, that 
they who shrink from the suffering, should pause before they 
reproach those by whom the suffering is undergone. What I have 
put forward may no doubt be erroneous ; but it is, at all events, the 
result of an honest searching after truth, of unsparing labour, of 
patient and anxious reflection.' — Buckle, History of Civilization, 
vol. i. pp. 852, 853. 



65 



NOTES. 

NOTE A, p. 1. 

What is Truth? 

'"What is Truth?" said jesting Pilate, and would not 
stay for an answer.' — Bacon's Essays, ' Of Truth,' i. Arch- 
bishop Whately, in his annotated edition of Bacon's Essays, 
justly remarks, that ' never was any one less in a jesting 
mood than Pilate on this occasion.' Pilate, having asked 
Jesus ' Art thou a king then ? ' receives for answer ' Every 
one that is of the Truth heareth my words,' &c. Pilate is 
simply at a loss to see how this is an answer to his inquiry. 
' I am asking you about your claims to empire, and you tell 
me about truth ; what has truth to do with my question ? ' 
■ — Bacon's Essays, with annotations by Richard Whately, 
D.D., Archbishop of Dublin, pp. 1 and 4. 

Truth is the correspondence between the order of our 
ideas and the order of phenomena, so that the one is a 
reflection of the other. 

This correspondence can never be absolute ; it must, from 
the very structure of the mind, be relative. 

We need not however rush into Idealism, by affirming 
the identity of ideas and their objects ; we need simply to 
give up all pretension to absolute knowledge, and rest 
contented with relative knowledge. 

To attain this correspondence between the internal (sub- 
jective), and the external (objective), order, is the object of 
search, and the methods of search are two. 

a. The Objective Method, which moulds its conceptions 
F 



66 THE PURSUIT OF TRUTH. 

on realities by closely following the movements of the 
objects as they present themselves to sense. 

b. The Subjective Method, which moulds realities on its 
couceptions, endeavouring to discern the order of objects, 
not by adjustment of the order of ideas to it, but by 
controlling the order of objects by the determination of 
thoughts. 

Observation of objects presented to the mind must be 
succeeded by hypothesis respecting the connecting, but 
unobserved, links. The successive stages of inquiry being, 
Observation, Hypothesis, Verification. The Subjective Me- 
thod stops at Hypothesis. The function of the Objective 
Method is Verification. 

Both Physicist and Metaphysicist employ Observation 
and Hypothesis, but the Physicist employing the Objective 
Method, verifies the accuracy of his Observation and Hypo- 
thesis, by submitting the order of his ideas to the order of 
phenomena. 

With the Physicist, objects furnish the materials of know- 
ledge. Thought furnishes the forms. 

The source of Error is the subjective current determining 
the direction of the thoughts. Error arises in the substi- 
tution of Inference for Presentation. 

The test, with regard to objects within the range of sense, 
is obviously the reduction of Inference to Sensation. The 
radical antithesis is not (as assumed by Dr. Whewell "■) be- 
tween Fact and Theory, but between verified and unverified 
Inferences. 

Truth being then the correspondence between the order 
of ideas and the order of phenomena, the only right method 
must be that which, step by step, assures such correspondence ; 
demonstrating that the order of our ideas is also the order of 
the phenomena they represent. 

This demonstration is complete, when ascertained* by both 
the Objective and Deductive methods, the latter being the 
logical process, whereby both data and conclusions are 
verified by confrontation with the external order. 

1 On the Fundamental Antithesis of Philosophy* 



NOTE A. 67 

The Metaphysical method is purely logical, that is, sub- 
jective; it is the ' intellectus sibi permissus'' or ' antici- 
patio mentis,'' without any resort to verification. The his- 
tory of Science shows that all the errors which have gained 
acceptance gained it because the important principle of 
verification of particulars was neglected. 

The distinction between Metaphysics and Mathematics is 
this : that the one can, and the other cannot, be reduced to 
Presentation ; that is, the one has, and the other has not, an 
objective basis and a constant verification ; the material ele- 
ments of Mathematics being physical facts gained through 
Sense. 

Verification being the application or result of Experience, 
it is observable that we cannot know causes and essences, 
because Experience is limited to sequences and phenomena. 
The Metaphysical (Subjective) Method despising verifica- 
tion, has proved its own incapacity by centuries of failure. 
The Scientific (Objective) Method has been successful, be- 
cause only by ' the verification of conceptions can Truth— 
the correspondence of the internal and external orders— be 
reached. 

Hence it may be concluded that no problem merits our 
attention unless its solution is verifiable, and all problems 
are unverifiable on the Metaphysical (Subjective) Method. 

There are two principal schools in Philosophy, holding 
different views respecting the origin of knowledge, the one 
school affirming it to be co-extensive with Experience (a 
posteriori, sensationalist) ; the other school affirming it to 
have an additional source antecedent to and independent of 
Experience (a priori, idealist). To the extent to which this 
distinction is artificial, it has probably arisen from the mis- 
conception of terms. Thus the mind seems to be in pos- 
session of many ideas which could never have been directly 
given in Experience, if Experience be restricted to Sense. 
This restriction is however unwarranted ; Ratiocination being 
as much an organic function as Sensation. What then is Ex- 
perience ? Experience, in its widest acceptation, is the pro- 
duct of two factors : Sensation and the Laws of Consciousness. 
f 2 



68 THE PURSUIT OF TRUTH. 

1 It is co-extensive with the whole of Consciousness, including 
all of which the mind is conscious, as agent or patient, all that 
it does from within, as well as all that it suffers from without ; 
in this sense the laws of thought, as well as the phenomena 
of matter, in fact all knowledge whatever, may be said to be 
derived from Experience.' l 

In this sense of the term, we may distinctly lay down the 
proposition, that whatever can be learned, must be learned 
by and through Experience ; that we have no ideas except 
such as are acquired through Experience ; and that uni- 
formity in Experience irresistibly determines our conceptions 
of the future. 

Truth then being the correspondence between the internal 
and external order, we have still to inquire what is the test 
of that correspondence ? The answer is clear. Conscious- 
ness. To each individual the ultimate test must lie. in the 
verdict of his consciousness — but, if consciousness be the 
ultimate ground of appeal, and since consciousness can never 
transcend its own sphere, it would seem that we cannot have 
a test of Objective Truth. We never can know more than 
states of consciousness, we cannot know objects per se. — 
Condensed from Of. H. Lewes' History of Philosophy — 
Prolegomena. 

' I remind you that we have already seen clearly and 
distinctly, and in a manner which admits of no doubt, that 
all our knowledge is a knowledge of states of consciousness. 
" Matter " and " Force " are, so far as we can know, mere 
names for certain forms of consciousness.' — Huxley, on 
Descartes' Discourse ; Lay Sermons, &c, p. 373. 

Berkeley, Hartley, Kant, Sir W. Hamilton, Brown, James 
Mill, Mansel, Professor Bain, and many other thinkers, Gfer- 
man, English, and French, all accept this doctrine in its 
widest sense — the entire inaccessibility to our faculties of 
any other knowledge of Things than that of the impressions 
which they produce in our consciousness. The same doc- 
trine is very impressively taught by one of the acutest 
metaphysicians of recent times, Mr. Herbert Spencer, who, 

1 Mansel, Prolegomena Logica, 93. 



NOTE B. 69 

in his * First Principles,' insists with equal force upon the 
certainty of the existence of Things in Themselves, and 
upon their absolute relegation to the region of the Unknow- 
able. This is also the doctrine of Auguste Comte. 

This ' relativity of human knowledge ' (that is, relative 
between the thing known and the mind knowing) is a pro- 
position respecting the nature and limits of our knowledge, 
in my judgment true, fundamental, and full of important 
consequences in philosophy. 

All knowledge by however exalted an intelligence, can 
only be relative to the knowing mind. Our knowledge of 
objects, and even our fancies about objects, consist of no- 
thing but the sensations which they excite, or which we 
imagine them exciting, in ourselves. This is the doctrine 
of the Eelativity of Knowledge to the knowing mind in its 
simplest, purest, and, as I think, the most proper acceptation 
of the words. 

Of the ultimate Realities, as such, we know the existence, 
and nothing more. But the impression which these reali- 
ties make on us — the sensations they excite, the similitudes, 
groupings, and successions of those sensations, or, to sum up 
all this in a common though improper expression, the repre- 
sentations generated in our minds by the action of the Things 
themselves — these we may know, and these are all we can know 
respecting them. — Condensed from Mill, on Hamilton, ch. ii., 
The Relativity of Human Knowledge. 



NOTE B, p. 8. 
The Basis of Belief. 



Belief, logically regarded, is purely intellectual ; it is an 
effect produced by a cause ; an irresistible conclusion from 
premisses. It is a condition of the mind induced by the 
operation of evidence presented to it. Being therefore an 
effect, and not an act, it cannot be, or have, a merit. If 



70 THE PURSUIT OF TRUTH. 

belief be brought about by influencing the will of the be- 
liever, not by the bond fide operation of evidence upon his 
mind, such belief ceases to be genuine or honest. In sane 
and competent minds belief must follow as a necessary con- 
sequence — if it does not follow, this can only arise from the 
evidence adduced being insufficient. To disbelieve in spite 
of adequate proof, is impossible — to believe without adequate 
proof, is absurd. 

Belief, theologically regarded, is nearly the reverse of the 
above. It is removed from the region of the understanding 
to that of the emotions. The theologian regards belief as 
resulting from the state of the heart, and not of the intel- 
lect, and resting in its last resort upon an intuitive Con- 
sciousness of the Supernatural. Belief is to depend on the 
will, and to be meritorious even when divorced from the 
reason. ' " He that believeth, and is baptised, shall be 
saved ; but he that believeth not shall be damned " — a 
passage which, were it not happily spurious, would suffice 
to " damn " the book which contains it.' — Greg's Creed of 
Christendom, ch. xi. 

Belief, metaphysically regarded, is closely allied to, and 
scarcely less irrational than, theological belief. The meta- 
physician really recognises in Belief a substantive source of 
knowledge, or, at all events, of trustworthy evidence. " The 
sphere of our belief is much more extensive than the sphere 
of our knowledge." ... St. Austin accurately says, " We 
know what rests upon reason ; but believe what rests upon 
authority." Certain things we cannot know (the external 
world for instance), but we believe it in reliance on the ori- 
ginal necessity of so believing, imposed on us by our nature. 
Belief therefore (with the metaphysician) is a higher source 
of evidence than Knowledge ; Belief is ultimate, Knowledge 
only derivative ; Knowledge itself finally rests on Belief ; 
natural beliefs are the sole warrant for all our knowledge. 
In common language and understanding however, when 
Belief and Knowledge are distinguished, Knowledge is un- 
derstood to mean complete Conviction, Belief a conviction 
somewhat short of complete — a distinction of practical 



NOTE B. 71 

value. — Mill, on Hamilton, ch. v., Belief without Know- 
ledge. 

Belief, "psychologically regarded, is also influenced by the 
feelings generally, especially by the Will. ' The mental 
state termed Belief, while involving the Intellect and the 
Feelings is, in its essential import, related to the Activity 
or the Will. The relation of Belief to Activity is expressed 
by saying that what ive believe ive act upon. Belief is a 
growth or development of the Will under the pursuit of 
intermediate ends. The first source or foundation of Belief 
is to be sought in our Activity — the second, in the Intellec- 
tual Associations of our Experience — and the third, in the 
Feelings. The Belief in the order of the World or the 
Course of Nature, varies in character in different persons, 
according to the relative predominance of the three causes 
enumerated. ... I consider the correct view to be, that 
Belief is a primitive disposition to follow out any sequence 
that has been once experienced and to expect the result. It 
is a fact or incident of our Intellectual nature, although de- 
pendent as to its energy upon our Active and Emotional 
tendencies. — Condensed from Bain's Mental and Moral 
Science, vol. i. pp. 220, 371-382. Appendix, p. 100. 

Belief, scientifically regarded, is logical belief controlled 
by the limitation that it be precisely proportioned to the 
evidence derived from the discoveries of science, and be 
consistent with the laws and order of Nature. It differs 
essentially from theological belief in this, that it is not 
founded to any extent whatever on antecedent credibility 
derived from authority, or that state of mind which consists 
in the ever present readiness to ascribe to supernatural causes 
or intervention whatever cannot be explained by natural 
causes, or to shift the basis of belief from the evidence of 
facts to the influence of mental persuasion ; and it differs 
from metaphysical and psychological belief in not being 
mainly dependent either on the will or on the feelings. 
The cultivation of science has brought the human mind to 
a rigid belief in the government of the universe by law, 
and imbued it with ' That spirit of science which teaches 



72 THE PURSUIT OF TRUTH 

as an article of faith the doctrine of uniform sequence, in 
other words, the doctrine that certain events having already 
happened, certain other events corresponding to them will 
also happen . . . that everything which happens in the 
material world, is so connected and bound up with its ante- 
cedents, as to be the inevitable result of what has previously 
occurred.' — Buckle, History of Civilization., vol. ii. pp. 325, 
564. ' The conviction of the uniformity and the constancy 
of the laws of Nature is a paramount law of scientific be- 
lief.' — Laplace, Essai Philosophique sur les Probalilites, 
p. 76. 'To the advanced student of nature, the proposition 
that there are lawless phenomena has become not only in- 
credible but almost inconceivable.' — Herbert Spencer's First 
Principles, p. 142. ' In an advanced state of civilization 
men have been led to acknowledge the pre-eminent value 
and higher character of all science to be in proportion to 
the degree of generalisation to which it has attained ; in 
accordance with the extent of that generalisation do we per- 
ceive the vast combination of natural laws all mutually 
dependent on each other, conspiring towards greater and 
higher principles, and begin to obtain glimpses of that 
unity pervading nature which is the true basis of the grand 
idea of " Cosmos " — the principle of universal and perpetual 
law, order, harmony, and reason, throughout the material 
universe. . . . We cannot pretend to determine the boun- 
dary between the natural and the supernatural until the 

whole of nature shall be open to our knowledge 

What is beyond science is not therefore beyond nature — it 
is only unknown nature . . . the limits of the study of 
nature do not bring us to the confines of the supernatural. 
. . . From the very condition of the case it is evident that 
the supernatural can never be a matter of Science or Know- 
ledge, for the moment it is brought within the cognisance of 
reason, it ceases to be supernatural. The utmost extension 
of inductive science can only lead us further into the realm 
of natural order. The supernatural is the offspring of igno- 
rance, and the parent of superstition and idolatry ; the 
natural is the assurance of science.' — Baden Powell, On the 
Order of Nature, pp. 19, 147, 228, 232, 233, 248. 



NOTE B. 73 

No testimony can reach to the supernatural ; testimony 
can apply only to apparent sensible facts. . . . The real 
and paramount dominion of Law and Order, of universal 
subordination of physical causes, is the sole principle and 
criterion of proof and evidence in the region of physical 
and sensible truth. . . . The inductive study of the natu- 
ral world evinces the inconceivableness of imagined inter- 
ruptions of natural order, or supposed suspension of the 
laws of matter. All moral evidence must essentially have 
respect to the parties to be convinced. . . . All evidential 
reasoning is essentially an adaptation to the conditions of 
mind and thought of the parties addressed. All testimony 
must be modified to a great extent by antecedent credibility. 
. . . Antecedent credibility depends on antecedent know- 
ledge, and enlarged views of the connexion and dependence 
of truths, and the value of any testimony will be modi- 
fied or destroyed in different degrees to minds differently 
enlightened — full appreciation of physical truth can be 
attained only from an accurate and comprehensive ac- 
quaintance with the connected series of the physical and 
mathematical sciences. The philosopher denies the credi- 
bility of alleged events at variance with all physical ana- 
logy. Testimony can avail nothing against reason. We 
ought to be guided in our conclusions, and, in fact, can 
only correct the errors of the senses, by a careful recurrence 
to the consideration of natural laws and extended analogies. 
— Condensed from Essays and Revieivs : ' On the Study of 
the Evidences of Christianity,' by Baden Powell, M. A., F.K.S., 
Savilian Professor in the University of Oxford. 

Belief in the laws of Nature has been established in our 
minds by a firm and unalterable experience. The same ex- 
perience which assures us of the laws of Nature gives authority 
to human testimony. Our reliance on the veracity of human 
testimony is the result of our observation and of the usual 
but not invariable conformity of facts to the reports of wit- 
nesses ; and, as the evidence derived from witnesses and 
human testimony is founded on past experience, so it varies 
with such experience, and is regarded either as proof or pro- 



74 THE PURSUIT OF TRUTH. 

bability accordingly ; and the ultimate standard, by which 
we determine all disputes that may arise concerning the cir- 
cumstances to be taken into consideration in all judgments 
founded on such evidence, is always derived from experience 
and observation. Facts can be known only by experience. 
All our ideas are nothing but copies of our impressions, or, 
in other words, it is impossible for us to think of anything 
which we have not antecedently felt either by our external 
or internal senses. The experienced train of events is the 
great standard by which we all regulate our conduct. Ex- 
perience is the only standard of our judgment concerning all 
questions of fact. Our understandings being thus limited 
are incapable of verifying conclusions respecting subjects 
that lie entirely beyond the reach of human experience. 
Our conclusions on such subjects are mainly conjecture and 
hypothesis. All the philosophy therefore in the world, and 
all theology, which is nothing but a species of philosophy, 
will never be able to carry us beyond the usual course of 
experience, or propositions in analogy with such experience. 
— Condensed from Hume's Enquiry concerning the Human 
Understanding, ss. 7, 8, 10, 11, 12. 

i In every period of life, and in every state of intellectual 
culture, man is instinctively more prone to believe than to 
disbelieve the testimony of others, and this disposition to- 
wards credulity may be regarded as a fundamental feature 
of our moral nature. As such it constitutes the basis on 
which all evidence may be said to rest. Subordinate to 
this paramount and original principle, it may, in the second 
place, be observed, that evidence rests upon our faith in 
human testimony as sanctioned by experience.' — Taylor, On 
Evidence, vol. i. pp. 67, 68. 



NOTE C. 75 

NOTE C, p. 9. 

Real Religion. 

' Eeligion, if truly received and sincerely adhered to, 
would prove the greatest of all blessings to a nation ; but 
by religion, I understand somewhat more than the receiving 
some doctrines. . . . What signify the best doctrines, if 
men do not live suitably to them ; if they have not a due 
influence upon their thoughts, their principles, and their 
lives ? ... By religion I do not mean an outward com- 
pliance with forms and customs, in going to church, to 
prayers, to sermons, and to sacraments, with an external 
show of devotion, or, which is more, with some inward 
forced good thoughts, in which many may satisfy themselves, 
while this has no effect on their lives. . . . Those cus- 
tomary performances, how good and useful soever, when 
well understood and rightly directed, are of little value 
when men rest on them, yet continue still proud, covetous, 
full of deceit, envy and malice. ... By religion I mean 
such a sense of divine truth as enters into a man . . . 
reforming his thoughts and designs, purifying his heart, and 
governing his whole deportment, his words as well as his 
actions ; convincing him that it is not enough, not to be 
scandalously vicious, or to be innocent in his conversation, 
but that he must be entirely, uniformly, and constantly, 
pure and virtuous, animating him with a zeal to be still 
better and better, more eminently good and exemplary. . . . 
This is true religion, which is the perfection of human na- 
ture, and the joy and delight of every one that feels it 
active and strong within him ; it is true, this is not arrived 
at all at once, and it will have an unhappy alloy hanging 
long even about a good man ; but, he will be in a continual 
progress, still gaining ground upon himself ; and as he at- 
tains to a good degree of purity, he will find a noble flame 
of life and joy growing upon him. . . . An integrity of 
heart gives a man a courage, and a confidence that cannot 
be shaken. A man is sure that, by living according to the 



76 THE PURSUIT OP TRUTH. 

rules of religion, he becomes the wisest, the best, and hap- 
piest creature, that he is capable of being. Honest in- 
dustry, the employing his time well, and a constant sobriety, 
an undefiled purity and chastity, with a quiet serenity, are 
the best preservers of life and health. So that, take a man 
as a single individual, religion is his guard, his perfection, 
his beauty, and his glory. This will make him the light of 
the world, shining brightly, and enlightening many round 
about him. ... Of this I write with the more concern 
and emotion, because I have felt this the true and indeed 
the only joy which runs through a man's heart and life. It 
is that which has been for many years my greatest support ; 
I rejoice daily in it ; I feel from it the earnest of that su- 
preme joy which I pant and long for ; I am sure there is 
nothing else can afford any true or complete happiness.' — 
Abridged from Bishop Burnet's History of his own Time. 
* Literature of the Church of England.' Vol. ii. pp. 498, 
499, 500, 501. 



NOTE D, p. 10. 

Mind and Matter. 



' The deepest truths we can reach are simply statements 
of the widest uniformities in our experience of the relations 
of Matter, Motion and Force, and Matter, Motion and 
Force are but symbols of the unknown reality. . . . The 
interpretation of all phenomena in terms of Matter, Mo- 
tion, and Force, is nothing more than the reduction of our 
complex symbols of thought to the simplest symbols, and 
when the equation has been brought to its lowest terms the 
symbols remain symbols still. Hence the reasonings con- 
tained in the foregoing pages, afford no support to either of 
the antagonist hypotheses respecting the ultimate nature of 
things. Their implications are no more materialistic than 
they are spiritualistic ; and no more spiritualistic than they 
are materialistic. Any argument which is apparently fur- 



NOTE D. 77 

nished to either hypothesis, is neutralised by as good an argu- 
ment furnished to the other. The Materialist, seeing it to be 
a necessary deduction from the law of correlation, that what 
exists in consciousness under the form of feeling, is trans- 
formable into an equivalent of mechanical motion, and by 
consequence into equivalents of all other forces which mat- 
ter exhibits, may consider it therefore demonstrated that 
the phenomena of consciousness are material phenomena. 
But the Spiritualist, setting out with the same data, may 
argue with equal cogency, that if the forces displayed by 
matter are cognisable only under the shape of those equiva- 
lent amounts of consciousness which they produce, it is to 
be inferred that these forces, when existing out of con- 
sciousness, are of the same intrinsic nature as when existing 
in consciousness ; and that so is justified the spiritualistic 
conception of the external world, as consisting of something 
essentially identical with what we call mind. Manifestly 
the establishment of correlation and equivalence between 
the forces of the outer and the inner worlds may be used 
to assimilate either to the other ; according as we set out 
with one or other term. But he who rightly interprets the 
doctrine contained in this work, will see Lhat neither of 
these terms can be taken as ultimate. He will see that 
though the relation of subject and object renders necessary 
to us these antithetical conceptions of Spirit and Matter ; 
the one is no less than the other to be regarded as but a 
sign of the unknown Eeality which underlies both.' — Herbert 
Spencer's First Principles, pp. 501, 2, 3. 

' Philosophers are now beginning to discover a glimpse of 
the truth that Mind and Matter, which they have long as- 
sumed to be real existences, are only the names and nothing- 
more than the names of certain classifications of human 
ideas ; there being, within the scope of man's knotvledge, 
no -such thing as Matter independent of the different ma- 
terial objects of human perception, and, on the other hand, 
no such thing as Mind independent of the different indi- 
vidual beings that feel, think, and will. To compare there- 
fore together Mind and Matter, in the abstract as antagonistic 



78 THE PURSUIT OP TRUTH. 

principles having no common property, as philosophers and 
theologians have always done, is really, it appears to me, 
with all deference to the opinions of the great men who 
have wasted their energies upon it, one of the most futile 
operations in which the mind of man can be engaged, for it 
is a comparison of nonentities. . . . Thought and feeling 
are, equally with extension and solidity, qualities of concrete 
beings that possess such powers.' — Mr. Taylor's Letter, quoted 
by Gr. Combe, System of Phrenology, vol. ii. p. 409, fifth 
edition. 

* We learn the ideas of matter and thinking, but possibly 
shall never be able to know whether any mere material 
being thinks or no, it being impossible for us, by the con- 
templation of our own ideas, to discover whether Omnipo- 
tency has not given to some system of matter fitly disposed 
a power to perceive and think. ... I am not here speaking 
of probability but knowledge ; and I think not only that it 
becomes the modesty of philosophy not to pronounce magis- 
terially when we want that evidence that can produce know- 
ledge, but also that it is of use to us to discern how far our 
knowledge does reach.' — Locke, Essay concerning Human 
Understanding*, book iv. ch. 3. Extent of Human Know- 
ledge, p. 392. These assertions of this fearless thinker 
gave an intense shock to the theological mind, and, with 
other expressions, involved him in a correspondence with 
the Bishop of "Worcester — in which however he defended 
himself with great dexterity from the assaults of his wily 
adversary, and triumphantly established the important 
truths laid down in his great system of philosophy.' — 
Locke's Philosophical Works, by J. A. St. John — Appendix. 

' The method of regarding man which tradition has trans- 
mitted to us from the earliest ages, is, at the outset, to 
cleave him asunder, and substitute the idea of two beings 
for the reality of one. Having thus introduced the notion 
of his double nature — mind and body as separate, inde- 
pendent existences — there grew up a series of moral con- 
trasts between the disjointed products. The mind was 
ranked as the higher, or spiritual nature, the body as the 



NOTE E. 79 

lower or material nature. The mind was said to be pure, 
aspiring, immaterial ; the body gross, corrupt and perish- 
able ; and thus the feelings became enlisted to widen the 
breach and perpetuate the antagonism. Having divided 
him into two alien entities, and sought all terms of ap- 
plause to celebrate the one, while exhausting the vocabu- 
lary of reproach upon the other, the fragments were given 
over to two parties — the body to the doctors of medicine, 
and the spirit to the doctors of philosophy {theology ?), who 
seem to have agreed in but one thing, that the partition 
shall be eternal, and that neither shall ever intrude into the 
domain of the other.' — On the Scientific Study of Human 
Nature, by Edvv. L. Yeomans, M.D. : ' Modern Culture/ 
p. 325. 

' The crowning Science of Mind, although in certain re- 
spects independent of the sciences of Matter, is still closely 
allied to them in the following ways. The faculties of the 
mind are originally awakened or called into activity solely 
by the impressions of matter on the bodily senses ; all the 
language used in speaking of mind and its operations, is 
borrowed from matter ; and many mental emotions are en- 
tirely dependent on bodily conditions. The Science of Mind, 
therefore, cannot be studied until after knowledge acquired 
of an external nature ; and cannot be studied extensively 
until that knowledge is extensive.' — Dr. Neil Arnott's 
Elements of Physics, vol. i. p. xvii. 



NOTE E, p. 11. 

The Nature of Knowledge. 

The right use of the intellectual faculties implies the 
acquisition of real Knowledge. ' The advance of European 
civilization is solely due to the progress of knowledge, and 
the progress of knowledge depends on the number of truths 
which the human intellect discovers, and on the extent to 



80 THE PURSUIT OP TRUTH. 

■which they are diffused. . . . Keal knowledge, the know- 
ledge on which all civilization is based, solely consists in an 
acquaintance with the relations which things and ideas bear 
to each other and to themselves ; in other words, in an ac- 
quaintance with physical and mental laws. . . . The four 
leading propositions which are the basis of civilization are 
these — 1st. That the progress of mankind depends on the 
success with which the laws of phenomena are investigated, 
and on the extent to which a knowledge of these laws is dif- 
fused. 2nd. That before such investigation can begin, a 
spirit of scepticism must arise, which at first aiding the 
investigation is afterwards aided by it. 3rd. That the dis- 
coveries thus made increase the influence of intellectual 
truths, and diminish, relatively, not absolutely, the influence 
of moral truths ; moral truths being more stationary than 
intellectual truths, and receiving fewer additions. 4th. 
That the great enemy of this movement, and therefore the 
great enemy of civilization, is the protective spirit ; by 
which I mean the notion that society cannot prosper, unless 
the affairs of Life are watched over by the State and the 
Church ; the State teaching men what they are to do, and 
the Church teaching them what they are to believe. . . . 
That spirit of protection which may truly be called an evil 
spirit . . . when carried into politics there is formed what 
is called a paternal government, in which supreme power is 
vested in the Sovereign, or in a few privileged classes. When 
it is carried into theology, it produces a powerful church, 
and a numerous clergy, who are supposed to be the neces- 
sary guardians of religion, and every opposition to whom is 
resented as an insult to the public morals. . . . What the 
nobles are to politics, that are the priests to religion. Both 
classes constantly appealing to the voice of antiquity, rely 
much on tradition, and make great account of upholding 
established customs. Both take for granted that what is 
old is better than what is new ; and that in former times 
there were means of discovering truths respecting govern- 
ment and theology, which we in these degenerate ages no 
longer possess. And it may be added, that the similarity of 



NOTE F. 81 

their functions follows from the similarity of their principles. 
Both are eminently protective, stationary, or, as they are some- 
times called, conservative. It is believed that the aristocracy 
guard the State against revolution, and that the clergy keep 
the Church from error. The first are the enemies of re- 
formers ; the others are the scourge of heretics. ... It 
does not enter into the province of this Introduction to 
examine how far these principles are reasonable, or to 
enquire into the propriety of notions which suppose that 
on certain subjects of immense importance, men are to 
remain stationary, while on all other subjects they are con- 
stantly advancing.' — Buckle's History of Civilization, vol. i. 
pp. 246, 265, 307, 556, 557, 587 ; vol. ii. p. 1. 



NOTE F, p. 12. 

The Bible. 



' This collection of books has taken such a hold on the 
world as no other. The literature of Greece, which goes up 
like incense from that land of temples and heroic deeds, has 
not half the influence of this book from a nation alike de- 
spised in ancient and modern times. It is read of a Sunday 
in all the thirty thousand pulpits of our land. In all the 
Temples of Christendom is its voice lifted up, week by 
week. The sun never sets on its gleaming page. It goes 
equally to the cottage of the plain man and the palace of 
the king. It is woven into the literature of the scholar, 
and colours the talk of the street. The bark of the mer- 
chant cannot sail the sea without it ; no ship of war goes to 
the conflict but the Bible is there ! It enters men's closets ; 
mingles in all the grief and cheerfulness of life. The af- 
fianced maiden prays Grod in Scripture for strength in her 
new duties ; men are married by Scripture. The Bible 
attends them in their sickness ; when the fever of the world 
is on them, the aching head finds a softer pillow if such 
G 



82 THE PURSUIT OF TRUTH. 

leaves be underneath. The mariner, escaping from ship- 
wreck, clutches the first of his treasures, and keeps it sacred 
to Grod. It goes with the pedlar in his crowded pack ; 
cheers him at eventide, when he sits down dusty and fa- 
tigued ; brightens the freshness of his morning face. It 
blesses us when we are born ; gives names to half Christen- 
dom ; rejoices with us ; has sympathy for our mourning ; 
tempers our grief to finer issues. It is the better part of 
our sermons. It lifts man above himself; our best of 
uttered prayers are in its storied speech, wherewith our 
fathers and the patriarchs prayed. The timid man, about 
awaking from this dream of life, looks through the glass of 
Scripture and his eye grows bright ; he does not fear to 
stand alone, to tread the way unknown and distant, to take 
the death-angel by the hand, and bid farewell to wife, and 
babes, and home. Men rest on this their dearest hopes. 
It tells them of God, and of his blessed Son ; of earthly 
duties and of heavenly rest. Foolish men find it the source 
of Plato's wisdom, and the science of Newton, and the art of 
Eaphael ; wicked men use it to rivet the fetters on the slave. 
Men who believe nothing else that is spiritual, believe the 
Bible all through ; without this they would not confess, say 

they, even that there was a Grod 

'Laying aside all prejudices, if we look into the Bible in 
a general way, as into other books, we find facts which force 
the conclusion upon us, that the Bible is a human work, as 
much as the Principia of Newton and Descartes, or the 
Vedas or the Koran. Some things are beautiful and true, 
but others no man, in his reason, can accept. Here are the 
works of various writers, from the eleventh century before, 
to the second century after, Christ, thrown capriciously to- 
gether, and united by no common tie but the lids of the 
bookbinder. Here are two forms of Keligion, which differ 
widely, set forth and enforced by miracles ; the one ritual 
and formal, the other actual and spiritual ; the one the reli- 
gion of Fear, the other of Love ; one final, and resting 
entirely on the special revelation made to Moses, the other 
progressive, based on the universal revelation of Grod, who 



NOTE F. 83 

enlightens all that come into the world ; one offers only- 
earthly recompense, the other makes immortality a motive 
to a divine life ; one compels men, the other invites them. 
One half the Bible repeals the other half. The Gospel 
annihilates the Law ; the Apostles take the place of the 
Prophets, and go higher up. If Christianity and Judaism 
be not the same thing, there must be hostility between the 
Old Testament and the New Testament, for the Jewish form 
claims to be eternal. To an unprejudiced man this hostility 
is very obvious. It may indeed be said that Christianity 
came not to destroy the Law and the Prophets, but to fulfil 
them, and the answer is plain, their historic fulfilment was 
their destruction. 

' If we look at the Bible as a whole, we find numerous 
contradictions ; conflicting Histories which no skill can re- 
concile with themselves or with facts ; Poems which the 
Christians have agreed to take as histories, but which lead 
only to confusion on that hypothesis ; Prophecies that have 
never been fulfilled, and from the nature of things never 
can be. We find stories of miracles which could not have 
happened ; accounts which represent the laws of nature com- 
pletely transformed, as in fairy-land, to trust to the tales of 
the old romancers ; stories that make God a man of war, 
cruel, capricious, revengeful, hateful, and not to be trusted. 
We find amatory songs, selfish proverbs, sceptical discourses, 
and the most awful imprecations human fancy ever clothed 
in speech. Connected with these are lofty thoughts of Na- 
ture, Man, and God ; devotion touching and beautiful, and 
a most reverent faith. Here are works whose authors are 
known ; others, of which the author, age, and country are 
alike forgotten. Genuine and spurious works, religious and 
not religious, are strangely mixed. But the subject demands 
a more minute and detailed examination in each of its main 
parts.' — A Discourse of Matters pertaining to Religion, by 
Theodore Parker, pp. 211, 212, 216, 217. 

' Much observation of the conversation and controversy 
of the religious world had wrought the conviction that the 
evil resulting from the received notions as to Scriptural 

a 2 



84 THE PUESUIT OP TRUTH. 

authority has been immensely under-estimated. I was com- 
pelled to see that there is scarcely a low and dishonouring 
conception of (rod current among men, scarcely a narrow 
and malignant passion of the human heart, scarcely a moral 
obliquity, scarcely a political error or misdeed, which Biblical 
texts are not, and may not be without any violence to their 
obvious signification, adduced to countenance and justify. 
On the other hand, I was compelled to see, how many clear, 
honest, and aspiring minds have been hampered and baffled 
in their struggles after truth and light, how many tender, 
pure, and loving hearts have been hardened, perverted, and 
forced to a denial of their nobler nature and their better 
instincts, by the ruthless influence of some passages of 
Scripture which seemed in the clearest language to con- 
demn the good and to denounce the true.' — Greg's Greed of 
Christendom* Preface. 



NOTE G-, p. 35. 

Astronomy and Geology and Genesis. 

The assertion in the text, that ' the heavens and the earth ' 
have been evolved or produced during an enormous period 
of time and in an order of succession that cannot, consis- 
tently with geological monuments, be separated into the six 
creative periods described in the book of Grenesis, whether 
each of such periods be regarded as long or short, will pro- 
bably appear simply shocking to minds that have not been 
accustomed to consider the subject from any but a theo- 
logian's point of view. According to high theological au- 
thority ' geological investigations, it is now known, all prove 
the perfect harmony between Scripture and geology in 
reference to the history of creation ' !— Home's Introduction 
to the Holy Scriptures, 10th ed. 1856. 

Many persons have probably looked into the subject to 
a certain extent, and have satisfied their minds that the 






NOTE G. 85 

1 harmony ' alleged, really does result from interpreting the 
word ' day ' in the Mosaic account as some long indefinite 
period of time. A Discourse on Truth requires its author 
to say, that amongst men of science competent to form a 
judgment on the subject, nothing can be more clear or 
certain than that the discoveries, verified and now acquiesced 
in by all intelligent minds, whether theological or secular, 
of astronomical and geological science, are utterly subversive 
of the account of the creation given in the book of Genesis 
— torture the text how we may. 

The discussions that have taken place amongst the theo- 
logical geologists in reference to the meaning of the word 
' day ' in that account, would be really ludicrous, were they 
not positively shocking. Language, alleged to be inspired, 
and in itself plain and simple, is attempted to be tortured 
into meaning the very reverse of that which plain honest 
intelligence has derived from it for ages. To an unsophis- 
ticated mind it is quite inconceivable that the Deity could 
have inspired any of his creatures to give a description 
' which has misled the world for centuries, and in which 
the truth can now only with difficulty be recognised ; ' 
yet such must have been the case, if those interpreters 
could be right in supposing that the day, during which 
the creation came into being, and in which Grod, when 
he had made ' the beast of the earth after his kind, and 
the cattle after their kind,' at length terminated the 
work by moulding a creature in his own image . . . 
was not a brief period of a few hours' duration, but extended 
over mayhap millenniums of centuries.' — Hugh Miller, Tes- 
timony of the Rocks, p. 10. But what becomes of the 
evening and morning of which each day is said to have 
consisted ? Was each geologic age divided into two long 
intervals, one all darkness, the other all light ? and if so, 
what became of the plants and trees created in the third 
' day,' when the evening of the fourth day set in ? They 
must have passed through half a seculum of total darkness ! 
Such an ordeal would have completely destroyed the whole 
vegetable creation, and yet we find that it survived, and was 



86 THE PURSUIT OF TRUTH. 

appointed, on the sixth day, as the food of man and animals ! 
Such are the difficulties which arise when we seek to impart 
a meaning into the language which it certainly never could 
have conveyed to those to whom it was originally addressed. 
No wonder then we find another theological geologist sum- 
marily rejecting this view as erroneous. ' There is one 
class of interpreters, however, with whom I find it impossible 
to agree. I mean those who take the six days to be periods 
of unknown indefinite length. The late M. D'Orbigny has 
demonstrated, in his " Prodrome de Paleontologie," that 
there have been at least twenty-nine periods of animal and 
vegetable existence, . . . and that both plants and animals 
appeared in every one of these twenty-nine periods. The 
notion therefore that the " clays " of Genesis represent 
periods of creation from the beginning of things is at once 
refuted. The parallel is destroyed both in the number of 
the periods, and also in the character of the thing created.' — 
Archdeacon Pratt, Science and Scripture not at Variance, 
p. 40, note. In this trenchant manner do theological 
geologists overthrow one another's theories ! and their cri- 
tical method of regarding the question as one, not respect- 
ing the correctness of the Mosaic narrative, but of our inter- 
pretation of it, cannot be too strongly reprobated, as a doc- 
trine that, carried out unreservedly, strikes at the root of 
critical morality. 

The truth is the narrative in Scripture is really remark- 
able for its simple grandeur. It bears on the face of it no 
trace of mythical or symbolical meaning. Things are called 
by their right names, and, until quite recent times, no one 
professed to see in it anything but a plain statement of 
facts, nor is it indeed disputed that for centuries its words 
were received in their genuine and natural meaning — a 
meaning wholly adverse to the scientific view. 

If we refer to the plans of conciliation proposed, we find 
them at variance with each other and mutually destructive. 
The plain meaning of the Hebrew record is unscrupulously 
tampered with, and in general the pith of the whole process 
lies in divesting the text of all meaning whatever. The 






NOTE G. 87 

account which Astronomy gives of the relations of our earth 
to the rest of the universe, and that which Greology gives 
of its internal structure, and the development of its surface, 
are indeed sufficiently familiar to most readers. The human 
race has, however, been ages in arriving at conclusions now 
familiar to almost every child. 

Astronomy showo us that the earth, apparently so still 
and steclfast, is a globular body of comparatively insignifi- 
cant size, whirling through space round the sun as the 
centre of its orbit, at the same time revolving daily once 
about its own axis, thus producing the changes of day and 
night. The sun, relatively to our earth, is motionless. In 
size and weight it considerably surpasses it. The moon is 
but a subordinate globe, revolving round the earth as its 
centre, and accompanying it in yearly revolution about the 
sun. Those beautiful stars which are perpetually changing 
their positions in the heavens, are bodies, some larger, some 
less, than our earth, and, like it, revolve round the sun, by 
the reflection of whose rays we see them. The telescope 
has revealed to us the fact that several of these are attended 
by moons of their own. As for the fixed stars generally, 
each of these is a self-luminous body, the very nearest of 
them at an incalculable distance, and the very least of them 
of enormous size compared with our own humble globe. 
Our earth then is but one of the lesser pendants of a body 
which is itself only an inconsiderable unit in the vast 
creation ! 

Fixing our attention upon the earth, the first clear view 
which geology obtains of its early condition presents to us a 
ball of matter fluid with intense heat, spinning on its own 
axis and revolving round the sun. By degrees the surface 
became cooled and hardened and capable of sustaining- 
organized existences. The water, which existed in the shape 
of steam enveloping the planet in a curtain of mist, con- 
densed and descended in rains and rivers. This earliest 
period has been named by geologists the Azoic, or that in 
which life was not. Its duration no one presumes to define. 
Whilst it existed the lowest stratified rocks were formed and 



88 THE PURSUIT OF TRUTH. 

gradually spread out iu vast layers. It is in the system of 
beds which, overlies these primitive formations that the first 
records of organisms present themselves. In the so-called 
Silurian system we have a vast assemblage of strata, abound- 
ing in remains of animal life, exclusively marine. The 
creatures whose exuviae have been preserved are the lowest 
with respect to organization, the mollusca, articulata, and 
radiata. In the same strata are found remains of seaweed- 
like plants the lowest of the vegetable tribe. In the upper 
strata of the Silurian system is found the commencement of 
the race of fishes, the lowest creatures of the vertebrate 
type. These monsters clothed in mail, who must have been 
the terror of the seas they inhabited, have left their inde- 
structible coats behind them as evidences of their existence. 
Next come the carboniferous strata, containing the remains 
of a gigantic and luxuriant vegetation, and here reptiles and 
insects begin to make their appearance. This period has 
been named the Palaeozoic, or that of antique life. 

In the next great geological section, the so-called Second- 
ary period, in which are comprised the oolite and cretaceous 
systems, the predominant creatures are different from those 
which figure in the preceding. The land was inhabited by 
gigantic animals half-toad, half-lizard, who hopped about 
leaving often their foot-prints like those of a clumsy human 
hand, upon the sandy shores of the seas they frequented. 
The waters now abounded with monsters, half-fish, half-cro- 
codile, the well-known saurians, whose bones have been 
collected in abundance. Even the air had its tenantry from 
the same family type, for the pterodactyls were creatures 
half-lizard, half-vampire, provided with membranous append- 
ages which must have enabled them to fly. In an early stage 
of this period birds, and marsupial or pouch-bearing mam- 
mals appeared. The vegetation, principally of the low class 
of plants, was luxuriant and gigantic. 

Lastly comes the Tertiary period, in which mammalia of 
the highest forms enter upon the scene, while the composite 
growths of the Secondary period in great part disappear, 
and the types of creatures approach more nearly to those which 



NOTE G. 89 

now exist. During long ages this state of things continued, 
while the earth was the abode principally of mastodons, 
elephants, rhinoceroses, and their thick-hided congeners, 
many of them of colossal proportions, and of species which 
have now passed away. During this era the ox, horse, and 
deer became inhabitants of the earth. Lastly man himself 
appeared, inaugurating a new epoch during which the physi- 
cal conditions of existence have remained as they now are. 

Thus the reduction of the earth into the state in which we 
now behold it has been, according to geology, the slowly 
continued work of ages. As for history and tradition, they 
afford little upon which anything can be built. The human 
race, like each individual man, has forgotten its own birth. 
Thus much however is clear, that man's existence on earth 
is brief, compared with the ages during which unsurviving 
creatures were the sole possessors of the globe. 

If the reader will turn to the account of the creation 
contained in the book of Genesis and compare it with the 
foregoing narrative, he will observe that the whole account 
is given from a different point of view from that which we 
now unavoidably take ; that the order of things, as we now 
know them to be, is to a great extent reversed. It is not 
that the Mosaic writer simply leaves out details which science 
supplies, but that what is told, is told so as to convey to 
ordinary apprehensions an impression at variance with facts. 
The conciliation proposed is to evade the plain meaning of 
language, and to introduce obscurity into one of the simplest 
stories ever told. — Abridged and condensed from ' The Mo- 
saic Cosmogony^ by C. W. Groodwin, M.A. Essays and 
Revieivs. 

' Well may Mr. Burgon say, Inspiration and Interpreta- 
tionj p. 38 : — ' Such an interpretation seems to stultify the 
whole narrative. A iveek is described. Days are spoken of, 
each made up of an evening and a morning, (rod's cessa- 
tion from the work of creation on the seventh day is empha- 
tically adduced as the reason of the Fourth Commandment — 
the mysterious precedent for our observance of one day of 
rest at the end of every six days of toil, — " For in six days 



90 THE PURSUIT OF TRUTH. 

(it is declared) the Lord made Heaven and Earth." You 
may not play tricks with language plain as this, and elongate 
a week until it shall more than embrace the span of all 
recorded time. We conclude then that the first chapter of 
Genesis, understood in its plain grammatical sense, does 
mean to say that, in six ordinary days, Almighty God 
" made the Heaven and the Earth, the Sea, and all that in 
them is." But geology shows that the Earth was not brought 
into its present form in six days, but by continual changes 
through a long succession of ages, during which enormous 
periods innumerable varieties of animal and vegetable life 
have abounded upon it, from a time beyond all power of 
calculation. Further, the account in Genesis represents 
the order of creation to have been — first, Plants, v. 12, next 
Fish and Fowl, v. 21, then Cattle and Reptiles, v. 25, and 
lastly, Man, v. 27.' 

But geological observation shows that in different ages, 
plants and animals of all kinds appeared together at the same 
time upon the earth, so that they were not successively cre- 
ated as the Bible says. — Colenso, on the Pentateuch, part 4, 
p. 96. 

In a recent work of theological authority, it is at. length 
admitted, amongst other things, that ' no attempt which has 
as yet been made to identify the six periods of Genesis with 
corresponding geological epochs can be pronounced satisfac- 
tory.' — Smith's Diet of the Bible, art. Genesis, vol. i. p. 673. 



NOTE H, p. 41. 

The Theologians and Human Happiness. 

' With nations, as with individuals, the harmony and free 
development of life can only be attained by exercising its 
principal functions boldly and without fear. Those functions 
are of two kinds ; one set of them increasing the happiness 
of the mind, another set increasing the happiness of the 



NOTE H. 91 

body. If we could suppose a man completely perfect, we 
should take for granted that he would unite these two forms 
of pleasure in the highest degree, and would extract, both 
from body and mind, every enjoyment consistent with his 
own happiness, and with the happiness of others. But, as no 
such character is to be found, it invariably occurs, that even 
the wisest of us are unable to hold the balance ; we, there- 
fore err, some in over-indulging the body, some in over-in- 
dulging the mind. Comparing one set of indulgences with 
the other, there can be no doubt that the intellectual plea- 
sures are, in many respects, superior to the physical ; they 
are more numerous, more varied, more permanent, and more 
ennobling ; they are less liable to cause satiety in the indi- 
vidual, and they produce more good to the species. But, 
for one person who can enjoy intellectual pleasures, there are 
at least a hundred who can enjoy physical pleasures. The 
happiness derived from gratifying the senses, being thus dif- 
fused over a wider area, and satisfying at any given moment 
a greater number of persons than the other form of happiness 
is capable of, does on that account possess an importance 
which many who call themselves philosophers are unwilling 
to recognise. Too often have philosophic and speculative 
thinkers, by a foolish denunciation of such pleasures, done 
all in their power to curtail the quantity of happiness of 
which humanity is susceptible. Forgetting that we have 
bodies as well as minds, and forgetting too, that in an im- 
mense majority of instances the body is more active than the 
mind, that it is more powerful, that it plays a more con- 
spicuous part, and is fitted for greater achievements, such 
writers commit the enormous error of despising that class of 
actions to which ninety-nine men out of every hundred are 
most prone, and for which they are best fitted. ... The 
theologians, considered as a class, have, in every country and 
in every age, deliberately opposed themselves to gratifications 
which are essential to the happiness of an overwhelming 
majority of the human race. Raising up a God of their own 
creation, whom they hold out as a lover of penance, of 
sacrifice, and of mortification, they, under this pretence, 



92 THE PURSUIT OF TRUTH. 

forbid enjoyments which are not only innocent, but praise- 
worthy. For every enjoyment by which no one is injured is 
innocent; and every innocent enjoyment is praiseworthy, 
because it assists in diffusing that spirit of content and of 
satisfaction which is favourable to the practice of benevolence 
towards others. The theologians, however, for reasons which 
I have already stated, cultivate an opposite spirit, and, when- 
ever they have possessed power, they have always prohibited 
a large number of pleasurable actions, on the ground that 
such actions are offensive to the Deity. That they have no 
warrant for this, and that they are simply indulging in 
peremptory assertions on subjects respecting which we have 
no trustworthy information, is well known to those who, 
impartially and without preconceived bias, have studied 
their arguments, and the evidence which they adduce. On 
this, however, I need not dilate ; for, inasmuch as men are, 
almost every year, and certainly every generation, becoming 
more accustomed to close and accurate reasoning, just in the 
same proportion is the conviction spreading, that theologians 
proceed from arbitrary assumptions, for which they have no 
proof, except by appealing to other assumptions, equally 
arbitrary and equally unproven. Their whole system reposes 
upon fear, and upon fear of the worst kind ; since, according 
to them, the Great Author of our being has used His omni- 
potence in so cruel a manner as to endow His creatures with 
tastes, instincts, and desires, which He not only forbids them 
to gratify, but which, if they do gratify, shall bring on them- 
selves eternal punishment. ... It must be' admitted by 
whoever will take a comprehensive view of what they have 
actually done, that they have been not only the most bitter 
foes of human happiness, but also the most successful ones. 
In their high and palmy days, when they reigned supreme, 
when credulity was universal and doubt unknown, they 
afflicted mankind in every possible way ; enjoining fasts, and 
penances, and pilgrimages, teaching their simple and igno- 
rant victims every kind of austerity, teaching them to flay 
their own bodies, to tear their own flesh, and to mortify the 
most natural of their appetites. This was the state of 



NOTE H. 93 

Europe in the middle ages. It is still the state of every 
part of the world where the priesthood are uncontrolled. 
Such ascetic and self-tormenting observances are the inevit- 
able issue of the theological spirit, if that spirit is unchecked. 
Now, and owing to the rapid march of our knowledge, it is 
constantly losing ground, because the scientific and secular 
spirit is encroaching on its domain. Therefore in our time, 
and especially in our country, its most repulsive features are 
disguised, and it is forced to mask its native ugliness. . . . 
Many of the clergy persist in attacking the pleasures of the 
world, forgetting that not only the world, but all which the 
world contains, is the work of the Almighty, and that the 
instincts and desires which they stigmatise as unholy, are 
part of His gifts to man. They have yet to learn that our 
appetites, being as much a portion of ourselves as any other 
quality we possess, ought to be indulged, otherwise the whole 
individual is not developed. If a man suppresses part of 
himself, he becomes maimed and shorn. The proper limit 
to self-indulgence is that he shall neither hurt himself nor 
hurt others. Short of this, everything is lawful. It is more 
than lawful ; it is necessary. He who abstains from safe 
and moderate gratification of the senses, lets some] of 
his essential faculties fall into abeyance, and must on that 
account be deemed imperfect and unfinished. Such an one 
is incomplete ; he is crippled ; he has never reached his full 
stature. He may be a monk ; he may be a saint ; but a 
man he is not. And now, more than ever, do we want true 
and genuine men. No previous age has had so much work 
to do, and to accomplish that work we need robust and 
vigorous natures. Never before was the practice of life so 
arduous ; never were the problems presented to the human 
mind so numerous or so complicated. Every addition to our 
knowledge, every fresh idea opens up new difficulties, and 
gives birth to new combinations. Under this accumulated 
pressure we shall assuredly sink, if we imitate the credulity 
of our forefathers, who allowed their energies to be cramped 
and weakened by those pernicious notions which the clergy, 
partly from ignorance and partly from interest, have in 



94 THE PURSUIT OF TRUTH. 

every age palmed on the people, and have thereby diminished 
the national happiness, and retarded the march of national 
prosperity.' — Buckle, Hist, of Civiliz., vol. ii. pp. 399 to 404. 



NOTE I, p. 43. 

The Studies at the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge. 

' An infinite quantity of talent is annually destroyed in the 
Universities of England by the miserable jealousy and little- 
ness of ecclesiastical instructors. It is in vain to say we 
have produced great men under this system. We have pro- 
duced great men under all systems ; . . . . and classical 
learning is supposed to have produced the talents which it 
has not been able to extinguish. Classical literature is the 
great object at Oxford .... but if all liberal arts and 
sciences useful to human life had been taught there — if some 
had dedicated themselves to chemistry, some to mathematics, 
some to experimental philosophy — and if every attainment 
had been honoured in the mixed ratio of its difficulty and 
utility — the system of such an University would have been 
much more valuable, though the splendour of its name were 
something less. When an University has been doing useless 
things for a long time, it seems at first degrading to them to be 
useful. The Parr or the Bentley of his day would be scanda- 
lised in an University to be put on a level with the discoverer 
of a neutral salt ; and yet, what other measure is there of 
dignity in intellectual labour but usefulness and difficulty ? 
and what ought the term University to mean, but a place 
where every science is taught which is liberal, and at the 
same time useful to mankind ? Nothing would so much tend 
to bring classical literature within proper bounds as a steady 
and invariable appeal to these tests in our appreciation of all 
human knowledge. The puffed-up pedant — the maker of 
verses and the rememberer of words — would collapse into his 
proper size. ... In a place of education, we would give to 



NOTE I. 95 

all knowledge an equal chance of distinction ; and would trust 
to the varieties of human disposition, that every science worth 
cultivation would be cultivated. Looking always to real 
ability as our guide, we should see, with equal pleasure, a 
studious and inquisitive mind arranging the productions of 
Nature, investigating the qualities of bodies, or mastering the 
difficulties of the learned languages. We should not care 
whether he were chemist, naturalist, or scholar, because we 
know it to be as necessary that matter should be studied, 
and subdued to the use of man, as that taste should be 
gratified, and imagination influenced.' — Eev. Sydney Smith, 
Edinburgh Mevieiv, 1809. October. No. xxix. Art. 3. 

It is hardly possible, I conceive, that the time will ever 
come, humanly speaking, when the study of classical litera- 
ture will be despised. So long as letters exercise any fasci- 
nation, Greek literature especially will be cultivated with 
ardour. It has in it also solid merits that are well summed 
up by one of its recent historians. ' It has become the in- 
alienable heirloom of the highest civilization. It will be an 
evil day for the continued progress of intellectual refinement, 
if those who undertake to guide the tastes and regulate the 
opinions of their generation should ever persuade themselves, 
and act on the persuasion, that the modern writer of books 
may safely repudiate all cognizance of the literature of 
Greece. ... A national cultivation of the intellect cannot 
be improvised. . . . Literature does not admit of perpetual 
recommencements and reproductions. . . . Independently 
of the singular and unrivalled abilities of the best Greek 
writers, and the peculiar condition of the Greek language, 
which almost stands alone as combining redundance of in- 
flexion with logical exactness of syntax, the long period over 
which the literature extends, and the wide area over which 
the language was spread by the conquests of Alexander, have 
given to both of them an importance in universal history 
which no other books and no other idiom can claim. .... 
Such are some of the benefits which may be expected from a 
connected study of the literary history of ancient G-reece. 
And these results are greatly enhanced by the fact that this 



96 THE PURSUIT OP TRUTH. 

ancient literature is classical rather than sacred ; that it has 
established itself in the schools without lending itself as a 
handmaid to sacerdotal despotism ; that it has connected 
itself with the highest civilization of Europe, without invit- 
ing or sanctioning any superstitious reverence towards itself, 
without any implication of superhuman attributes to the 
writers. One at least of the Semitic languages, and the 
literature which is its representative, have invested them- 
selves with a sacred character which challenges a devout and 
slavish homage, and rebukes the advance of critical investi- 
gation. . . . The student who is led to examine the gradual 
development of classical literature is not only persuaded that, 
however wonderful, it is still only human, but his mind is 
prepared, unless he is the slave of some deep-rooted preju- 
dice, to bring the same chastened judgment to an estimation 
of the claims which have been advanced on behalf of other 
manifestations of literary activity, ... to regard all other 
written utterances of the past with a well-regulated judgment, 
removed equally from the vicious extremes of irrational 
enthusiasm and irreverent depreciation.' — History of the 
Literature of ancient Greece, by K. 0. Miiller ; continued by 
J. W. Donaldson, D.D. Vol. iii. pp. 409, 410, 411. 

' Greece and Kome have not only given to us the fruits of 
their discipline, but the companionship of their bloom. The 
fruits of their discipline would have passed into our posses- 
sion, even if their memory had utterly perished ; . . . But 
Greece and Eome have given us more than any results of 
discipline in the never-dying memory of their fresh and 
youthful life. It is this, and not only the greatness or the 
genius of the classical writers, which makes their literature 
pre-eminent above all others. . . . But the classics possess a 
charm quite independent of genius. It is not their genius 
only which makes them attractive. It is the classic life, the 
life of the people of that day. It is the image there only to 
be seen, of our highest natural powers in their freshest 
vigour. It is the unattainable grace of the prime of man- 
hood. It is the pervading sense of youthful beauty. Hence, 
while we have elsewhere great poems and great histories, we 



NOTE I. 97 

never find again that universal radiance of fresh life which 
makes even the most common place relics of classic days 
models for our highest art. ... In the great monuments 
of their literature we can taste this pure inspiration most 
largely. ... To combine the highest powers of intellect 
with the freshness of youth was possible only once, and that 
is the glory of the" classic nations.' — The Education of the 
World, by Fred. Temple, D.D., &c. Essays and Reviews, 
pp. 26, 27, 28. 

' The old English Universities, in the present generation, 
are doing better work than they have done within human 
memory in teaching the ordinary studies of their curriculum ; 
and one of the consequences has been, that whereas they 
formerly seemed to exist mainly for the repression of inde- 
pendent thought, and the chaining up of the individual 
intellect and conscience, they are now the great foci of free 
and manly enquiry to the higher and professional classes. 
The ruling minds of those ancient seminaries have at last 
remembered that to place themselves in hostility to the free 
use of the understanding is to abdicate their own best privi- 
lege, that of guiding it. . . . The proper business of an Uni- 
versity is, not to tell us from authority what we ought to 
believe, and make us accept the belief as a duty, but to give 
us information and training, and help us to form our own 
belief in a manner worthy of intelligent beings, who seek 
for truth at all hazards, and demand to know all the difficul- 
ties, in order that they may be better qualified to find, or 
recognise, the most satisfactory mode of resolving them. . . . 
When the specially instructed are so divided that almost any 
opinion can boast of some high authority, and no opinion 
whatever can claim all ; when therefore it can never be 
deemed extremely improbable that one who uses his mind 
freely may see reason to change his first opinion; then, 
whatever you do, keep, at all risks, your minds open : do not 
barter away your freedom of thought. . . . An University 
ought to be a place of free speculation.' — J. S. Mill, Inau- 
gural Address to the University of St. Andrews, pp. 81, 82, 
83, 84. 

H 



98 THE PURSUIT OF TRUTH. 

NOTE J, p. 46. 

Sir Isaac Newton and the Prophecies. 

Sir Isaac Newton's ' Observations upon the Prophecies of 
Holy Writ, particularly the Prophecies of Daniel and the 
Apocalypse of St. John/ are not to be confounded with the 
' Dissertations on the Prophecies ' of his namesake Dr. Thomas 
Newton, Bishop of Bristol, whose ' great work ' was spoken of 
so contemptuously by Dr. Johnson (in answer to an inquiry 
by Dr. Adams). ' Dr. Adams. — I believe his " Dissertations 
on the Prophecies " is his great work ? ' Johnson — ' Why, 
sir, it is Tom's great work, but how far it is great, or how 
much of it is Tom's, are other questions.' — Boswell's Life of 
Johnson, p. 759. 

4 It will doubtless be asked how a mind of the character 
and force of Newton's, so habituated to the severity of mathe- 
matical consideration, so accustomed to the observation of 
real phenomena, so methodical, and so cautious, even at its 
boldest moments, in physical speculation, and consequently 
so well aware of the conditions by which alone truth is to be 
discovered, could put together such a number of conjectures 
without noticing the extreme improbability that is involved 
in all of them from the infinite number of arbitrary postu- 
lates on which he endeavours to establish his system (of pro- 
phetic interpretation). The answer to this question must be 
taken entirely from the ideas and habits of the age in which 
Newton lived. . . . The English philosophers of that period 
took pleasure in combining the researches of science with 

theological discussion This alliance of the exact 

sciences with religious controversy, at that time so general, 
is the natural mode of accounting for the theological re- 
searches of Newton, however singular they might appear 
at the present clay.' — Life of Newton, Lives of Eminent 
Persons, Library of Useful Knowledge, pp. 34, 35. 

Since the days of Sir Isaac Newton the progress of criti- 
cal scholarship has entirely changed the views of educated 
society respecting the nature of the Prophecies. ( The value 



NOTE J. 99 

of the moral element in prophecy has been progressively 
raised, and that of the directly predictive, whether secular or 
Messianic, has been lowered. . . . Justice and humanity 
exclaim against such traditional distortion of prophecy as 
makes their own sacred writings a ground of cruel prejudice 
against the Hebrew people, and the fidelity of this remark- 
able race to the oracles of their fathers a handle for social 
obloquy. ... He who would understand the nature of pro- 
phecy in the Old Testament should have the courage to 
examine how far its details were minutely fulfilled. The 
absence of such a fulfilment may further lead him to discover 
that he took the letter for the spirit in expecting it.' — 
Essays and Reviews, pp. 67, 74. Dr. Rowland Williams. 
—p. 347. B. Jowett, Master of Balliol Col. Oxon. 

'Prophecies in the true sense of the term are not to be 
taken as 'predictions. They are not the announcements of 
future events. . . . We may safely assert that in no place 
or prophecy can it be shown that the literal predicting of 
distant historical events is contained. . . . The dark pic- 
tures of the future with which the Prophets threatened the 
enemies of their country, the special judgments described 
as about to befall them, were not always literally accom- 
plished. This is well known to the critical students of pro- 
phecy. . . . The more definitely they spoke of a future 
fact, especially one relating to the enemies of the theocratic 
people, the more liable were they to miss the mark. . . . 
In conformity with the analogy of prophecy generally, special 
predictions concerning Christ do not appear in the Old Tes- 
tament, though the Fathers- tried to find them there, Justin, 
Origen, and others — the Jews acutely objected, and dis- 
proved their arguments.' — -Davidson's Introduction to the 
Old Testament, vol. ii. pp. 459, 462, 466, 473, 477. 

' The great prophecies of Isaiah and Jeremiah are, critics 
can now see, not strictly predictions at all, and predictions 
which are strictly meant as such, like those in the book of 
Daniel, are an embarrassment to the Bible rather than a 
main element of it. The mere spread of what is called en- 
lightenment, superficial and barren as this often is, will 



L of C 



100 THE PURSUIT OP TRUTH. 

inevitably before long make this conviction of criticism a 
popular opinion held far and wide.' — Literature and Dogma, 
by Matthew Arnold. ' The Proof from Prophecy,'' p. 114. 

Hence such books as Newton's and Keith's, obsolete with 
critical scholars, now serve no other purpose than to amuse, 
solace or excite, those aged feminine minds of either sex who 
cling, the more closely as their powers decay, to traditions 
imbibed in early childhood, at their mother's knee. 



NOTE K, p. 56. 

The Inductive and Deductive Philosophical Methods. 

' A revolution is peaceably and progressively effecting it- 
self in philosophy, the reverse of that to which Bacon has 
attached his name. That great man changed the method of 
the sciences from deductive to experimental, and it is now 
rapidly reverting from experimental to deductive. But the 
deductions which Bacon abolished were from premisses hastily 
snatched up, or arbitrarily assumed. The principles were 
neither established by legitimate canons of experimental 
inquiry, nor the results tested by that indispensable element 
of a rational deductive method, verification by specific ex- 
perience. Between the primitive method of Deduction and 
the correct method, there is all the difference which exists 
between the Aristotelian physics and the Newtonian theory 
of the heavens. . . . 

' There are weighty scientific reasons for giving to every 
science as much of the character of a Deductive Science as 
possible — for endeavouring to construct the science from the 

fewest and the simplest possible inductions Every 

branch of natural philosophy was originally experimental. . . 
Sciences of pure experiment have become, some of them in 
nearly the whole of their extent, sciences of pure reasoning. 
. . . Thus mechanics, hydrostatics, optics, acoustics and 
thermology have successively been rendered mathematical ; 



NOTE K. 101 

and astronomy was brought by Newton within the laws of 
general mechanics. . . . But it is necessary to remark that 
although, by this progressive transformation, all sciences tend 
to become more and more Deductive, they are not therefore 
the less Inductive ; every step in the Deduction is still an 
Induction. The opposition is not between the terms Deduc- 
tive and Inductive, but between Deductive and Experimental. 
A science is experimental in proportion as every new case 
which presents any peculiar features stands in need of a new 
set of observations and experiments — a fresh induction. It 
is Deductive in proportion as it can draw conclusions by 
processes which bring new cases under old deductions.' — - 
Mill's System of Logic, vol. i. pp. 243, 244, 500, 501. 

The question of philosophical method is perhaps the most 
important of the present day, and the distinction between 
Induction and Deduction has been explained by the late Mr. 
Buckle, in a manner so thorough and luminous as will pro- 
bably prove interesting to the most ordinary reader. 

6 Another circumstance which operates on the intellectual 
progress of a nation is the method of investigation that its 
ablest men habitually employ. This method can only be one 
of two kinds ; it must be either Inductive or Deductive. 
Each of these belongs to a different form of civilisation, and 
is always accompanied by a different style of thought, parti- 
cularly in regard to religion and science. These differences 
are of such immense importance, that, until their laws are 
known, we cannot be said to understand the real history of 
past events. . . . Now the characteristic of Deduction, when 
applied to branches of knowledge not yet ripe for it, is, that 
it increases the number of hypotheses from which we reason 
downwards, and brings into disrepute the slow and patient 
ascent peculiar to inductive inquiry. This desire to grasp 
at truth by speculative, and, as it were, foregone conclusions, 
has often led the way to great discoveries ; and no one, pro- 
perly instructed, will deny its immense value. But when it 
is universally followed there is imminent danger lest the 
observation of mere empirical uniformities should be neg- 
lected; and lest thinking men should grow impatient at 



102 THE PURSUIT OF TRUTH. 

those small and proximate generalizations which, accord- 
ing to the Inductive scheme, must invariably precede the 
larger and higher ones. Whenever this impatience actually 
occurs there is produced serious mischief, for these lower 
generalizations form a neutral ground which speculative 
minds and practical minds possess in common, and on which 
they meet. If this ground is cut away the meeting is im- 
possible. In such case there arises among the scientific 
classes an undue contempt for inferences which the experience 
of the vulgar has drawn, but of which the laws seem inexpli- 
cable ; while, among the practical classes there arises a dis- 
regard of speculations so wide, so magnificent, and of which 
the intermediate and preliminary steps are hidden from their 
gaze. . . . 

' In nearly every country when the intellect has fairly ar- 
rayed itself against the exclusive pretentions of the Church, 
it has happened that the secular philosophy which has been 
engendered has been an Inductive philosophy, taking for its 
basis individual and specific experience, and seeking, by that 
means, to overthrow the general and traditional notions on 
which all church power is founded. The plan has been to 
refuse to accept principles which could not be substantiated 
by facts ; while the opposite and theological plan is to force 
the facts to yield to the principles. In the former case, 
experience precedes theory ; in the latter case, theory pre- 
cedes experience, and controls it. In theology certain prin- 
ciples are taken for granted ; and, it being deemed impious 
to question them, all that remains for us is to reason from 
them downwards. This is the Deductive method. On the 
other hand, the Inductive method will concede nothing, but 
insists upon reasoning upwards, and demands that we shall 
have the liberty of ascertaining the principles for ourselves. 
In a complete scheme of our knowledge, and when all our 
resources are fully developed and marshalled into order, as 
they must eventually be, the two methods will be, not hostile, 
but supplementary, and will be combined into a single sys- 
tem. At present, however, we are very far from such a 
result ; and, not only is every mind more prone to one method 






NOTE K. 103 

than another, but we find, historically, that different 
ages and different countries have been characterised by the 
extent to which one of these two schemes has predominated ; 
and we shall also find that a study of this antagonism is the 
surest way of understanding the intellectual condition of 
any period. . . . 

' The reader must firmly seize and keep before his eyes the 
essential difference between Deduction, which reasons from 
principles, and Induction, which reasons to principles. He 
must remember, that Induction proceeds from the smaller to 
the greater ; Deduction, from the greater to the smaller. 
Induction is from particulars to generals, and from the 
senses to the ideas ; Deduction is from generals to particulars, 
and from the ideas to the senses. By Induction we rise from 
the concrete to the abstract ; by Deduction we descend from 
the abstract to the concrete. Accompanying this distinction, 
there are certain qualities of mind, which, .with extremely 
few exceptions, characterise the age, nation, or individual in 
which one of these methods is predominant. The inductive 
philosopher is naturally cautious, patient, and somewhat 
creeping ; while the deductive philosopher is more remark- 
able for boldness, dexterity, and often rashness. The deduc- 
tive thinker invariably assumes certain premises, which are 
quite different from the hypotheses essential to the best In- 
duction. . . . Finally, and to sum up the whole, we may 
say that a deductive habit, being essentially synthetic, always 
tends to multiply original principles or laws ; while the 
tendency of an inductive habit is to diminish those laws by 
gradual and successive analysis. . . . 

' We shall find, in the study of all subjects not yet raised 
to sciences, there are not only two methods, but that each 
method leads to different consequences. If we proceed by 
Induction, we arrive at one conclusion ; if we proceed by 
Deduction, we arrive at another. This difference in the 
results is always a proof that the subject in which the 
difference exists is not yet capable of scientific treatment, 
and that some preliminary difficulties have to be removed 
before it can pass from the empirical stage into the scientific 



104 THE PURSUIT OF TRUTH. 

one. As soon as those difficulties are got rid of, the results 
obtained by Induction will correspond with those obtained 
by Deduction ; supposing, of course, that both lines of argu- 
ment are fairly managed. In such cases it will be of no 
importance whether we reason from particulars to generals, 
or from generals to particulars. Either plan will yield the 
same consequences, and this agreement between the conse- 
quences proves that our investigation is, properly speaking, 
scientific. Thus, for instance, in chemistry, if by reasoning 
deductively from general principles we could always predict 
what would happen when we united two or more elements, 
even supposing those elements were new to us ; and if, by 
reasoning inductively from each element, we could arrive at 
the same conclusion, oue process would corroborate the other, 
and, by their mutual verification, the science would be com- 
plete. In chemistry we cannot do this ; therefore chemistry 
is not yet a science, although, since the introduction into it, 
by Dalton, of the ideas of weight and number, there is every 
prospect of its becoming one. On the other hand, astronomy 
is a science, because, by employing the Deductive weapon of 
mathematics, we can compute the motions and perturbations 
of bodies ; and, by employing the Inductive weapon of 
observation, the telescope reveals to us the accuracy of our 
previous, and, as it were, foregone inferences. The fact 
agrees with the idea : the particular event comprises the 
general principle ; the principle explains the event ; and 
their unanimity authorises us to believe that we must be 
right, since, proceed as we may, the conclusion is the 
same. . . . 

' If we take a general view of those countries where science 
has been cultivated, we shall find that wherever the Deductive 
method of inquiry has predominated, knowledge, though 
often increased and accumulated, has never been widely dif- 
fused. On the other hand, we shall find that when the 
Inductive method has predominated, the diffusion of know- 
ledge has always been considerable, or, at all events, has been 
beyond comparison greater than when Deduction was preva-> 
lent. This holds good, not only of different countries, but 



NOTE K. 105 

also of different periods in the same country. It even holds 
good of different individuals in the same country. If, in 
any civilised nation, two men, equally gifted, were to pro- 
pound some new and startling- conclusion, and one of these 
men were to defend his conclusion by reasoning from ideas 
or general principles, while the other man were to defend 
his by reasoning from particular and visible facts, there can 
be no doubt that, supposing all other things the same, the 
latter would gain most adherents. His conclusion would be 
more easily diffused, simply because a direct appeal in the 
first instance to palpable facts strikes the vulgar with 
immediate effect ; while an appeal to principles is beyond 
their ken, and as they do not sympathise with it, they are 
apt to ridicule it. Facts seem to come home to everyone, 
and are undeniable. Principles are not so obvious, and, 
being often disputed, they have, to those who do not grasp 
them, an unreal and illusory appearance, which weakens 
their influence. Hence it is that Inductive science, which 
always gives the first place to facts, is essentially popular, 
and has on its side those innumerable persons who will not 
listen to the more refined and subtle teachings of Deductive 
science. Hence, too, we find historically that the establish- 
ment of the modern Inductive philosophy, with its varied 
and attractive experiments, its material appliances, and its 
constant appeal to the senses, has been intimately connected 
with the awakening of the public mind, and coincides with 
that spirit of inquiry, and with that love of liberty, which 
have been constantly advancing since the sixteenth cen- 
tury. . . . 

' If we look still closer into this interesting question, 
we shall find further corroboration of the view, that the 
inferences of an Inductive philosophy are more likely to be 
diffused than those of a Deductive one. Inductive science 
rests immediately upon experience, or, at all events, upon 
experiment, which is merely experience artificially modified. 
Now an immense majority of mankind, even in the most 
advanced countries, are, by the constitution of their minds, 
incapable of seizing general principles and applying them to 

I 



106 THE PURSUIT OP TRUTH. 

daily affairs without doing serious mischief either to them- 
selves or to others. . . . The task being so difficult to per- 
form is rarely attempted ; and average men do, with good 
reason, rely mainly on experience, which is to them a safer 
and more useful guide than any principle, however accurate 
and scientific it might be. . . . The relation between all 
this and the popular tendency of Induction is obvious. For 
one person who can think, there are at least a hundred per- 
sons who can observe. An accurate observer is, no doubt, 
rare ; but an accurate thinker is far rarer. . . . And inas- 
much as thinkers are more prone to accumulate ideas, while 
observers are more prone to accumulate facts, the overwhelm- 
ing preponderance of the observing class is a decisive reason 
why Induction, which begins with facts, is always more 
popular than Deduction, which begins with ideas. . . . Un- 
less, therefore, the human mind should undergo some remark- 
able change in its nature, as well as in its resources, the 
sensuous process of working upwards from particular facts 
to general principles will always be more attractive than 
the ideal process of working downwards from principles to 
facts.' — Buckle, Hist, of Civiliz. vol. i. pp. 224, 225 ; vol. ii. 
pp. 410, 411, 419, 420, 579, 580, 581, 582, 583. 



LONDON: PRINTED BY 

SPOTTISWOODE AND CO., NEW-STREET SQUARE 

AND PARLIAMENT STREET 



By the same Author : — 

ON THE INDUCTIVE PHILOSOPHY, 

Including a Parallel between Lord Bacon and A. Comte as Philosophers : 

a Discourse delivered before the Sunday Lecture Society, 

Nov. 26, 1871 ; with Notes and Authorities. 

By A. ELLEY FINCH. 

8vo. pp. 100. Price 5s. cloth. 

THE object of this Discourse is to point out that the discoveries of Science 
(especially astronomical science), have demonstrated that the Divine 
government on earth is mostly manifested to the human understanding by 
means of an invariable order of phenomena termed ' Laws of Nature,' which 
are fixed and discoverable; that human life may be made to harmonise with 
their inexorable operation, by the exercise of the human reason ; that happi- 
ness and well-being result from life being regulated in accordance with the 
dictates of these natural laws ; and that misery and suffering result from, and . 
are indeed the punishment of, the infringement of them. The Inductive (as 
distinguished from the Metaphysical) Philosophy is shown to be based upon 
Science, and is explained as an intellectual method capable of supplying a 
connecting link between progressive scientific discovery and the ordinary course 
of actual human existence. The more important principles characteristic of 
the Philosophies of Lord Bacon and A. Comte are brought before the reader 
in the Discourse, and the supplementary notes treat of various important 
questions that arise incidentally, especially the marked difference between the 
Theological and Inductive methods of arriving at Truth ; the distinction 
between Will (in the theological sense) and Law (as a scientific term) ; the 
nature and effects of the operation (unrestrained by prudence or self-denial) of 
the principle of Population ; the causes of the miseries incidental to the lives 
of the poorest classes of the people ; the primary importance in education of 
the study of the physical sciences, especially as regards mental discipline, and 
knowledge of the nature of real evidence in the pursuit of Truth. Numerous 
and precise references are given throughout to standard authorities on these 
several subjects, which could only be briefly touched upon in the compass 
of the Discourse. 



' This discourse should be bound up 
with the celebrated Inaugural Address 
of Mr. J. S. Mill when installed as 
Lord Eector of St. Andrews Univer- 
sity. Mr. Finch is an accomplished 
scholar and a savant — a man of letters 
as well as a man of science — and the 
expression which he gives to his rea- 
sonings is as lucid and elegant as 
these latter are acute and just .... 
The chief momenta of Mr. Finch's 
exposition are supported in the ap- 
pendix by a vast array of reference, 
scholarly and scientific' 

The Lancet. 

' We have here a discourse delivered 
before the Sunday Lecture Society, 
and we can only say that if all the 
lectures of the Society are as able as 



this of Mr. Finch, it is decidedly to 
be congratulated. 

'Within a short space we have a 
brief but clear and distinct sketch of 
the great Baconian philosophy, and 
an exposition of the manner in which 
its results are applicable to daily life. 
The parallel drawn between Comte 
and Bacon seems at first sight to 
involve something of a paradox ; but 
those who read the lecture will admiro 
the ingenuity with which it is shown — 
and shown clearly too — that the late 
French philosopher was in many re- 
spects a true follower of Bacon . . . 
The object of the Author is obviously 
truth in its purest and best form, free 
from prejudice and bigotry.' 

Educational Times. 



London: LONGMANS, GREEN, and CO. 



39 Paternoster Bow, E.C. 
London: March 1873. 



GENERAL LIST OF WORKS 



PUBLISHED BY 



Messrs. LOMMANS, GKREEI, KEADER, and DYER. 



Arts, Manufactures, &e 14 

Astronomy, Meteorology, Popular 

Geography, &c 8 

Biographical Works 4 

Chemistry, Medicine, Surgery, and 

the Allied Sciences 11 

Criticism, Philosophy, Polity, &c... 5 

Fine Arts and Illustrated Editions 1 3 
History, Politics, and Historical 

Memoirs 1 

Index 21—24 



Miscellaneous Works and Popular 

Metaphysics 7 

Natural History & Popular Science 9 

Poetry and The Drama 19 

Eeligious and Moral Works 15 

Eural Sports, &c 19 

Travels, Voyages, &c 17 

Works of Fiction 18 

Works of Utility and General 

Information 20 



History, Politics, Historical Memoirs, §c. 



Estimates of the English. Kings 

from William the Conqueror to George III. 
By J. Laxgton Sanford, Author of 
'Studies and Illustrations of the Great 
Rebellion ' &c. Crown 8vo. price 12s. Gd. 

The History of England from 

the Fall of Wolsey to the Defeat of the 
Spanish Armada. By James Anthony 
Froude, M.A. 

Cabinet Edition, 12 vols. cr. Svo. £3 12s. 

Library Edition, 12 vols. Svo. £8 ISs. 

The I English in Ireland in the 

Eighteenth Century. By James Anthony 
Froude, M.A. late Fellow of Exeter Col- 
lege, Oxford. In Two Volumes. Vol. I,, 
8vo. price 16s. 

The History of England from 

the Accession of James II. By Lord 
Macaulay : — 

Student's Edition, 2 vols, crown Svo. 12s. 

People's Edition, 4 vols, crown Svo. 16s. 

Cabinet Edition, 8 vols, post 8vo. 48s. 

Library Edition, 5 vols. Svo. £4. 

Lord Macaulay's Works. Com- 
plete and uniform Library Edition. Edited 
by his Sister, Lady Trevelyan, 8 vols. 
8vo. with Portrait, price £5. 5s. clcth, or 
£8. 8s. bound in tree-calf by Rivere. 



Memoirs of Baron Stockmar. By 

his Son, Baron E. von Stockmar. Trans- 
lated from the German by G. A. M. Edited 
by Max Mdller, M.A. 2 vols, crown 
Svo. price 21s. 

Varieties of Vice-Regal Life. By 

Major-General Sir William Denison, 
K.C.B. late Governor-General of the Austra- 
lian Colonies, and Governor of Madras. 
With Two Maps. 2 vols. 8vo. 28s. 
On Parliamentary Government 

in England : its Origin, Development, and 
Practical Operation. By Alpheus Todd, 
Librarian of the Legislative Assembly of 
Canada. 2 vols. 8vo. price £1. 17s. 
The Constitutional History of 

England since the Accession of George III. 
1760—1860. By Sir Thomas Erskine 
May, K.C.B. Cabinet Edition (the Third), 
thoroughly revised. 3 vols, crown 8vo. 
price 18s. 
The History of England, from the 

Earliest Times to the Year 1865. By C. D. 
Yonge, Regius Professor of Modern History 
in Queen's College , Belfast. New Edition. 
Crown 8vo. 7s. 6d. 

Lectures on the History of Eng- 
land, from the Earliest Times to the Death 
of King Edward II. By Willlvm Long • 
man. With Maps and Illustrations. 8vo. 15s. 



NEW WORKS published by LONGMANS and CO. 



The History of the Life and Times 

of Edward the Third. By William 
Longman. With 9 Maps, 8 Plates, and 
16 Woodcuts. 2 vols. 8vo. 28s. 

History of Civilization in England 

and France, Spain and Scotland. By 
Henry Thomas Buckle. New Edition 
of the entire work, with a complete Index, 
3 vols, crown 8vo. 24s. 

Realities of Irish Life. By W. 

Steuart Trench, late Land Agent in 
Ireland to the Marquess of Lansdowne, the 
Marquess of Bath, and Lord Digby. Fifth 
Edition. Crown 8vo. 6s. 

The Student's Manual of the 

History of Ireland. .By M. F. Cusack, 
Authoress of 'The Illustrated History of 
Ireland.' Crown Svo. price 6s. 

A Student's Manual of the His- 
tory of India, from the Earliest Period to 
the Present. By Colonel Meadows Tay- 
lor, M.R.A.S. M.R.I.A. Second Thousand. 
Crown 8vo. with Maps, 7s. 6c?. 

The History of India, from the 

Earliest Period to the close of Lord Dal- 
housie's Administration. By John Clark 
Marshman. 3 vols, crown 8vo. 22s. 6c?. 

Indian Polity ; a View of the System 
of Administration in India. By Lieut.-Col. 
George Chesney. Second Edition, re- 
vised, with Map. 8vo. 21s. 

A Colonist on the Colonial Ques- 
tion. By Jehu Mathews, of Toronto, 
C'snacl i. Post 8vo. price 6s. 

An Historical View of Literature 

and Art in Great Britain from the Acces- 
sion of the House of Hanover to the Reign 
of QueenVietoria. By J. Murray' Graham, 
M.A. 8vo. price 12s. 

Waterloo Lectures ; a Study of the 

Campaign of 1815. By Colonel Charles 
C Chesney, R.E. late Professor of Military 
Art and History in the Staff College. Second 
Edition. 8vo. with Map, 10s. 6d. 

Memoir and Correspondence re- 

■ latiug to Political Occurrences in June and 
July 1834. By Edward John Littleton, 
First Lord Hatherton. Edited, from the 
Original Manuscript, by Henry Reeve, 
C.B. D.C.L. Svo. price 7s. Gd. 

Chapters from French History ; 

St. Louis, Joan of Arc, Henri IV. with 
Sketches of the Intermediate Periods. By 
J. H. Gurney, M.A. New Edition. F cp. 
~"8vo."6s.6<f.~ 



Royal and Republican France. 

A Series of Essaj r s reprinted from the 
' Edinburgh,' ' Quarterly,' and ' British and 
Foreign ' Reviews. By Henry Reeve, 
C.B. D.C.L. 2 vols. 8vo. price 21s. 

The Imperial and Colonial Con- 
stitutions of the Britannic Empire, including 
Indian Institutions. By Sir Edward 
Creasy, M.A. &c. With Six Maps. Svo 
price 15s. 

The Oxford Reformers— John Colet, 
Erasmus, and Thomas More ; being a His- 
tory of their Fellow- Work. By Frederic 
Seebohm. Second Edition. Svo. 14s. 

A History of Greece. Drawn from 

Original Authorities, and designed chiefly for 
the use of Colleges and Schools. By the Rev. 
George W. Cox, M.A., late Scholar of 
Trinity College, Oxford; Author of 'The 
Aryan Mythology ' &c. [Li the Press. 

The History of Greece. By C. Thirl- 

wall, D.D. Lord Bishop of St. David's. 
8 vols. fcp. 28s. 

The Tale of the Great Persian 

War, from the Histories of Herodotus. By 
George W. Cox, M.A. late Scholar of 
Trin. Coll. Oxon. Fcp. 3s. 6*:?. 

The Sixth Oriental Monarchy; 

or, the Geography, History, and Antiqui- 
. ties of Parthia. Collected and Illustrated 
from Ancient and Modern sources. By 
Georgk Rawlinson, M.A. Camden Pro- 
fessor of Ancient History in the University 
of Oxford, and Canon of Canterbury. With 
Maps and Illustrations. Svo. price 16s. 

Greek History from Themistocles 

to Alexander, in a Series of Lives from 
Plutarch. Revised and arranged by A. H. 
Clough. Fcp. with 44 Woodcuts, 6s. 

History of the Romans under 

the Empire. By Very Rev. Charles 
Merivale, D.C.L. Dean of Ely. 8 vols, post 
8vo. price 48s. 

The Fall of the Roman Re- 
public ; a Short History of the Last Cen- 
tury of the Commonwealth. By the same 
Author. 12mo. 7s. 6c7. 

Encyclopaedia of Chronology, 

Historical and Biographical: comprising 
the Dates of all the Great Events of 
History, including Treaties, Alliances, 
Wars, Battles, &c. ; Incidents in the Lives 
of Eminent Men, Scientific and Geogra- 
phical Discoveries, Mechanical Inventions, 
and Social, Domestic, and Economical Im- 
provements. By B. B. Woodward, B.A. 
and W. L. R. Gates. 8vo. price 42s. 



NEW WORKS published by LONGMANS and CO. 



The History of Rome. By Wilhelm 

Line. English Edition, translated and 
revised by the Author. Vols. I. and II. 
8vo. 30s." 

History of European Morals from 

Augustus to Charlemagne. By W. E. H. 
Lecky, M.A. 2 vols. 8vo. price 28s. 

History of the Rise and Influ- 
ence of the Spirit of Rationalism in Europe. 
By the same Author. Cabinet Edition (the 
Fourth). 2 vols, crown 8vo. price 16s. 

God in History ; or, the Progress of 
Man's Faith in the Moral Order of the 
World. By the late Baron Bunsen. Trans- 
lated from the German by Susanna Wink- 
WOETH ; with a Preface by Dean Stanley. 
3 vols. Svo. 42s. 

Introduction to the Science of Re 

ligion : Four Lectures delivered at the Royal 
Institution of Great Britain in February 
and March 1870 ; with a Lecture on the 
Philosophy of Mythology and an Essay on 
False Analogies in Religion. By F. Max 
Mullee, M.A., Professor of Comparative 
Philology at Oxford. [Jm the Press. 

Socrates and the Socratie Schools. 

Translated from the German of Dr. E. Zel- 
ler, with the Author's approval, by the 
Rev. Oswald J. Reiciiel, B.C.L. and M.A. 
Crown Svo. 8s. M. 
The Stoics, Epicureans, and 

Sceptics. Translated from the German of 
Dr. E. Zeller, with the Author's approval, 
by Oswald J. Reichel, B.C.L. and M.A. 
Crown Svo. 14s. 
The English Reformation. By 
F. C. Massingberd, M.A. late Chancellor 
of Lincoln. 4th Edition. Fcp. 8vo. 7s 6c?. 

Three Centuries of Modern His- 
tory. By Charles Duke Yonge, Regius 
Professor of Modern History and English 
Literature in Queen's College, Belfast. 
Crown Svo. 7s. M. 

Saint-Simon and Saint-Simonism; 

a Chapter in the History of Socialism in 
France. By Arthur J. Booth, M.A. 
Crown 8vo. price 7s. 6d. 



The History of Philosophy, from 

Thales to Comte. By George Henry 
Lewes. Fourth Edition, corrected and 
partly rewritten. 2 vols. Svo. 32s. 

The Mythology of the Aryan 

Nations. By George W. Cox, M.A. late 
Scholar of Trinity College, Oxford. 2 vols. 
8vo. price 28s. 

Maunder's Historical Treasury ; 

comprising a General Introductory Outline 
of Universal History, and a Series of Sepa- 
rate Histories. Fcp. Svo. price 6s. 

Critical and Historical Essays 

contributed to the Edinburgh Review by 
the Right Hon. Lord Macaulay : — 

Student's Edition, crown Svo. 6s. 

People's Edition, 2 vols, crown 8vo. 8s. 

Cabinet Edition, 4 vols. 24s. 

Library Edition, 3 vols. Svo. 36s. 

History of the Early Church, 

from the First Preaching of the Gospel to 
the Council of Nicxa, a.d. 325. By the 
Author of ' Amy Herbert." New Edition. 
Fcp. Svo. 4s. 6rf. 

Sketch of the History of the 

Church of England to the Revolution of 
1688. By the Right Rev. T. V. Short, 
D.D. Lord Bishop of St. Asaph. Eighth 
Edition. Crown Svo. 7s. Gd. 

Essays on the Rise and Progress of 

the Christian Religion in the West of Europe. 
From the Reign of Tiberius to the End of 
the Council of Trent. By John Earl Rus- 
sell. Svo. [In the Press. 

History of the Christian Church, 

from the Ascension of Christ to the Conver- 
sion of Constantine. By E. Burton, D.D. 
late Regius Prof, of Divinity in the Uni- 
versity of Oxford. Fcp. Svo. 3s. 6d. 

History of the Christian Church, 

from the Death of St. John to the Middle 
of the Second Century; comprising a full 
Account of the Primitive Organisation of 
Church Government, and the Growth of 
Episcopacy. By T. W. Mossman, B.A. 
Rector of East and Vicar of West Tor- 
rington, Lincolnshire. Svo. price 16s. 



[NEW WORKS published by LONGMANS and CO. 



Biographical Works. 



The Life of Lloyd, First Lord Ken- 
yon, Lord Chief Justice of En gland. By the 
Hon. George T. Kenton, M.A. of Ch. Ch. 
Oxford. With Portraits of Lord and Lady 
Kenyon from Sketches by Sir Thomas 
Lawrence. 8vo. [ Nearly ready. 

Memoir of the Life of Admiral Sir 

Edward William Codrington ; with Selec- 
tions from his Private and Official Corres- 
pondence, including Particulars of the 
Battles of the First of June 1794 and Trafal- 
gar, the Expeditions to Walcheren and New 
Orleans, War Service on the Coast of Spain, 
and the Battle of Navarin. Edited by his 
Daughter, Lady Bourciiier. With Two 
Portraits, Maps, and Plans. 2 vols. 8vo. 
price 36s. 

Life of Alexander von Humboldt. 

Compiled, in Commemoration of the Cen- 
tenary of his Birth, by Julius Lowex- 
berg, Eobert Aye-Lallemant, and 
Alfred Dove. Edited by Professor Karl 
Bruhns, Director of the Observatory at 
Leipzig. Translated from the German by 
Jane and Caroline Lassell. 2 vols. 8vo. 
with Three Portraits, price 36s. 

Autobiography of John Milton; 

or, Milton's Life in his own Words. By 
the Rev. James J. G. Graham, M.A. 
Crown 8vo. with Vignette-Portrait, price 5s. 

Recollections of Past Life. By 
Sir Henry Holland, Bart. M.D. F.R.S., 
&c. Physician-in-Ordinary to the Queen. 
Third Edition. Post Svo. 10s. 6c?. 

Biographical and Critical Essays, 

Reprinted from Reviews, with Additions 
and Corrections. By A. Hayavard, Esq. 
Q.C. 2 vols. 8vo. price 28s. 

The Life of Isambard Kingdom 

Brunei, Civil Engineer. By Isambard 
Brunel, B.C.L. of Lincoln's Inn, Chan- 
cellor of the Diocese of Ely. With Por- 
trait, Plates, and Woodcuts. 8vo. 21s. 

Lord George Bentinck ; a Political 

Biography. By the Right Hon. B. Dis- 
raeli, M.P. Eighth Edition, revised, with 
a new Preface. Crown 8vo. 6s. 

Memoir of George Edward Lynch 

Cotton, D.D. Bishop of Calcutta, and 
Metropolitan. With Selections from his 
Journals and Correspondence. Edited by 
Mrs. Cotton. Second Edition, with Por- 
trait. Crown 8vo. price 7s. 6d. 



The Life and Travels of George 

Whitefield, M.A. By James Paterson 
Gledstone. 8vo. price 14s. 

The Life and Letters of the Rev. 

Sydney Smith. Edited by his Daughter, 
Lady Holland, and Mrs. Austin. New 
Edition, complete in One Volume. Crown 
Svo. price 6s. 

The Life and Times of Sixtus 

the Fifth. By Baron Hubner. Translated 
from the Original French, with the Author's 
sanction, by Hubert E. H. Jerningham. 
2 vols. Svo. 24s. 

Essays in Ecclesiastical Biogra- 
phy. By the Right Hon. Sir J. Stephen, 
LL.D. Cabinet Edition. Crown 8vo. 7s. 6d. 

The Life and Letters of Faraday. 

By Dr. Bence Jones, Secretary of the 
Royal Institution. Second Edition, with 
Portrait and Woodcuts. 2 vols. Svo. 28s. 

Faraday as a Discoverer. By John 

Tyndall, LL.D. F.R.S. New and Cheaper 
Edition, with Two Portraits. Fcp. 8vo 
price 3s. 6c?. 

Leaders of Public Opinion in Ire- 
land; Swift, Flood, Grattan, O'Connell. 
By W. E. H. Lecky, M.A. New Edition, 
revised and enlarged. Crown 8vo. 7s. 6c?. 

Life of the Duke of Wellington. 

By the Rev. G. R. Gleig, M.A. Popular 
Edition, carefully revised ; with copious 
Additions. Crown Svo. with Portrait, 5s. 

Dictionary of General Biography; 

containing Concise Memoirs and Notices of 
the most Eminent Persons of all Countries, 
from the Earliest Ages to the Present Time. 
Edited by William L. R. Cates. 8vo. 
price 21s. 

Letters and Life of Francis 

Bacon, including all his Occasional Works. 
Collected and edited, with a Commentary, 
b}' J. Spedding. Vols. I. to VI. 8vo. 
price £3. 12s. To be completed in One more 
Volume. 

Felix Mendelssohn's Letters from 

Italy and Switzerland, and Letters from 
1833 to 1847, translated by Lady Wallace. 
With Portrait. 2 vols, crown 8vo. 5s. each. 

Musical Criticism and Biography, 

from the Published and Unpublished Writ- 
ings of Thomas Damant Eaton, late Presi- 
dent of the Norwich Choral Society. Selected 
and edited by his Sons. Crown 
7s. Qd. 



NEW WORKS published by LONGMANS and CO. 



Lives of the Queens of England. 

By Agnes Strickland. Library Edition, 
newhy revised ; with Portraits of every 
Queen, Autographs, and Vignettes. 8 vols, 
post 8vo. 7s. Gd. each. 

Apologia pro "Vita Sua ; being a His- 
tory of his Religious Opinions. By John 
Henry Newman, D.D. of the Oratory of 
St. Philip Neri. New Edition. Post 8vo. 
price 6s. 

Memoirs of Sir Henry Havelock, 
K.C.B. By John Clark Marshman. 
People's Edition, with Portrait. Crown 8vo. 
price 3s. Gd. 



The Rise of Great Families, other 

Essays and Stories. By Sir Bernard 
Burke, C.B., LL.D. Ulster King-of-Arms 
Crown 8vo. price 12s. Gd. 

Vicissitudes of Families. By Sir 
J. Bernard Burke, OB. Ulster King-of- 
Arms. New Edition, remodelled and en- 
larged. 2 vols, crown 8vo. 21s. 

Maunder's Biographical Trea- 
sury. Thirteenth Edition, reconstructed and 
partly re-written, with above 1,000 additional 
Memoirs, by W. L. R. Cates. Ecp. 8vo.6s. 



Criticism, Philosophy, Polity, fyc 

On Representative Government. 

By John Stuart Mill. Third Edition. 
8vo. 9s. crown 8vo. 2s. 
On Liberty. By John Stuart Mill. 
Fourth Edition. Post 8vo. 7s. Gd. Crown 
Svo. Is. Ad. 

Principles of Political Economy. 

By John Stuart Mill. Seventh Edition. 

2 vols. 8vo. 30s. or in 1 vol. crown 8vo. 5s. 
Utilitarianism. By John Stuart 

Mill. 4th Edit. Svo. 5s. 

Dissertations and Discussions. By 

John Stuart Mill. Second Edition. 

3 vols. 8vo. price 36s. 
Examination of Sir William 

Hamilton's Philosophy, and of the principal 
Philosophical Questions discussed in his 
Writings. By John Stuart Mill. 
Fourth Edition. 8vo. 16s. 

The Subjection of "Women. By 

John Stuart Mill. New Edition. Post 
Svo. 5s. 
Analysis of the Phenomena of 

the Human Mind. By James Mill. A 
New Edition, with Notes, Illustrative and 
Critical, by Alexander Bain, Andreav 
Findlater, and George Grote. Edited, 
with additional Notes, by John Stuart 
Mill. 2 vols. Svo. price 28s. 

Principles of Economical Philo- 
sophy, i By H. D. Macleod, M.A. Barrister- 
at-Law. Second Edition, iu Two Volumes. 
Vol. I. Svo. price 15s. 

A Dictionary of Political Econo- 

nomy ; Biographical, Bibliographical, His- 
torical, and Practical. By H. D. Macleod, 
M.A. Vol. I. royal 8vo. 30s. 

A Systematic View of the Science 

of Jurisprudence. By Sheldon Amos, 
M.A. Professor of Jurisprudence to the 
Inns of Court, London. Svo. price 18s. 



The Institutes of Justinian ; with 

English Introduction, Translation, and 
Notes. By T. C. Sandars, M.A. Barrister- 
at-Law. New Edition. 8vo. 15s. 

Lord Bacon's Works, collected 

and edited by R. L. Ellis, M.A. J. Sped- 
ding, M.A. and D. D. Heath. New 
and Cheaper Edition. 7 vols. 8vo. price 
£3. 13s. Gd. 

A System of Logic, Ratiocinative 

and Inductive. By Joiix Stuart Mill. 
Eighth Edition. 2 vols. 8vo. 25s. 

The Ethics of Aristotle ; with Essays 
and Notes. By Sir A. Grant, Bart. M.A. 
LL.D. Third Edition, revised and partly 
re-written. \_In the press. 

The Mcomachean Ethics of Aris- 
totle. Newly translated into English. By 
R. Williams, B.A. Fellow and late Lec- 
turer Merton College, Oxford. Svo. 12s. 

Bacon's Essays, with Annotations. 

By R. Whately, D.D. late Archbishop of 
Dublin. New Edition. 8vo. 10s. Gd. 

Elements of Logic. By E. Whately, 
D.D. late Archbishop of Dublin. New 
Edition. 8vo. 10s. Gd. crown Svo. 4s. Gd. 

Elements of Rhetoric, By the sam 

Author. New Edition. 8vo. 10s. 6d. Crown 
8vo. 4s. Gd. 

English Synonymes. By E. Jane 
Whately. Edited by Archbp. Whately 
5 th Edition. Fcp. 3s. 

An Outline of the Necessary 

Laws of Thought : a Treatise on Pure and 
Applied Logic. By the Most Rev. W. 
Thomson, D.D. Archbishop of York. Ninth 
Thousand. Crown 8vo. 5s. Gd. 



NEW WORKS published by LONGMANS and CO. 



Causality ; or, the Philosophy of Law 
Investigated. By George Jamieson, B.D. 
of Old Machar. Second Edition, greatly 
enlarged. ; vo. price 12s. 

Speeches of the Bight Hon. Lord 
Macaulat, corrected by Himself. People's 
Edition, crown 8vo. 3s. Gd. 

Lord Maeaulay's Speeches on 

Parliamentary Reform in 1831 and 1S32. 
16mo. price One Shilling. 

A Dictionary of the English 
Language. By R. G. Latham, M.A. M.D. 
F.R.S. Founded on the Dictionary of Dr. S. 
Johnson, as edited by the Rev. H. J. Todd, 
with numerous Emendations and Additions. 
4 vols. 4to. price £7. 

Thesaurus of English Words and 

Pbrases, classified and arranged so as to 
facilitate the expression of Ideas, and assist 
in Literary Composition. By P. M. Roget, 
M.D. New Edition. Crown Svo. 10s. Gd. 

Three Centuries of English Lie- 

rature. By Charles Duke Yonge, Regius 
Professor of Modern History and English 
Literature in Queen's College, Belfast. 
Crown 8vo. 7s. Gd. 

Lectures on the Science of Lan- 
guage. By F. Max Muller, M.A. &c. 
Foreign Member of the French Institute. 
Sixth Edition. 2 vols, crown 8vo. price 16s. 

Southey's Doctor, complete in One 
Volume, edited by the Rev. J. W. Warter, 
B.D. Square crown Svo. 12s. Gd. 

Manual of English Literature, 

Historical and Critical with a Chapter on 
English Metres. By Thomas Arxold, M.A. 
New Edition. Crown 8vo. 7s. Gd. 

A Dictionary of Soman and 

Greek Antiquities. With about 2,000 
Engravings on Wood, from Ancient Origi- 
nals, illustrative of the Industrial Arts and 
Social Life of the Greeks and Romans. By 
Anthony Rich, B.A., sometime of Caius 
College, Cambridge. Third Edition, revised 
and improved. Crown 8vo. price 7s. Gd. 

A Sanskrit-English Dictionary. 

The Sanskrit words printed both in the 
original Devanagari and in Roman letters ; 
with References to the Best Editions of 
Sanskrit Authors, and with Etymologies 
and comparisons of Cognate Words chiefly 
in Greek, Latin, Gothic, and Anglo-Saxon. 
Compiled by T. Benfey. 8vo. 52s. Gd. 
A Latin-English Dictionary. By 
John T. White, D.D. Oxon. and J. E. 
Riddle, M.A. Oxon. Third Edition, re- 
vised. 2 vols. 4to. pp. 2,128, price 42s. 



White's College Latin-English 

Dictionary (Intermediate Size), abridged 
from the Parent Work for the use of Uni- 
versity Students. Medium 8vo. pp. 1,048, 
price 18s. 

White's Junior Student's Com- 
plete Latin-English and English-Latin 
Dictionary. Revised Edition. t Square 
12mo. pp. 1,058, price 12s. 

c <-„i„ f English-Latin, 5s. Gd. 

Separately < T _ ' „ , 

L Latin-English, is. Gd. 

An English- Greek Lexicon, con- 
taining all the Greek Words used by Writers 
of good authority. By C. D. Yonge, BA. 
New Edition. 4to. 21s. 

Mr. Yonge's New Lexicon, En- 
glish and Greek, abridged from his larger 
work (as above). Square 12mo. 8s. Gd. 

A Greek-English Lexicon. Com- 
piled by H. G. Liddell, D.D. Dean of 
Christ Church, and R. Scott, D.D. Dean 
of Rochester. Sixth Edition. Crown 4to. 
price 36s. 

A Lexicon, Greek and English, 

abridged for Schools from Liddell and 
Scott's Greek-English Lexicon. Fourteenth 
Edition. Square 12mo. 7s. Gd. 

The Mastery of Languages; or, 

the Art of Speaking Foreign Tongues 
Idiomatically. By Thomas Peendergast, 
late of the Civil Service at Madras. Second 
Edition. 8vo. 6s. 

A Practical Dictionary of the 

French and English Languages. By Pro- 
fessor Leon Contanseau, many years 
French Examiner for Military and Civil 
Appointments, &c. New Edition, carefully 
revised. Post Svo. 10s. Gd. 

Contanseau's Pocket Dictionary, 

French and English, abridged from the 
Practical Dictionary, by the Author. New 
Edition. 18mo. price 3s. Gd. 

New Practical Dictionary of the 

German Language; German-English, and 
English-German. By the Rev. W. L. 
Blackley, M.A. and Dr. Carl Martin 
Friedlander. Post 8vo. 7s. 6c?. 

Historical and Critical Commen- 
tary on the Old Testament; with a New 
Translation. By M. M. Kalisch, Ph.D 
Vol. I. Genesis, 8vo. 18s. or adapted for the 
General Reader, 12s. Vol. II. Exodus, 15s 
or adapted for the General Reader, 12s. 
Vol III. Leviticus, Part I. 15s. or adapted 
for the General Reader, 8s. Vol. IV. Levi- 
ticus, Part II. 15s. or adapted for the 
General Reader, 8s. 



NEW WORKS published by LONGMANS and CO. 



Miscellaneous Works and Popular Metaphysics. 



An Introduction to Mental Phi- 
losophy, on the Inductive Method. By 
J. D. Morell, M.A. LL.D. 8vo. 12s. 

Elements of Psychology, contain- 
ing the Analysis of the Intellectual Powers. 
By J. D. Mokell, LL.D. Post 8vo. 7s. Cd, 

Recreations of a Country Parson. 

By A. K. H. B. Two Series, 3s. Gd. each. 

Seaside Musings on Sundays and 

Weekdays. By A. K. H. B. Crown Svo. 
price 3s. Gd. 

Present-Day Thoughts. By A. K. 

H. B. Crown 8vo. 3s. Gd. 

Changed Aspects of Unchanged 

Truths ; Memorials of St. Andrews Sundays. 
By A. K. II. B. Crown Svo. 3s. Gd. 

Counsel and Comfort from a City 

Pulpit. By A. K. II. B. Crown Svo. 3s. Gd. 

Lessons of Middle Age, with some 

Account of various Cities and Men. 
By A. K. H. B. Crown Svo. 3s. 6c?. 
Leisure Hours in Town ; Essays 

Consolatory, iEsthetical, Moral, Social, and 
Domestic. Bv A. K. II. B. Crown Svo. 
3s. 6c?. 

Sunday Afternoons at the Parish 
Church of a Scottish University City. 
By A. K. H. B. Crown 8vo. 3s. Gd. 

The Commonplace Philosopher 

in Town and Country. By A. K. H. B. 
3s. Gd. 

The Autumn Holidays of a 

Country Parson. By A. K. H. B. Crown 
8vo. 3s. Gd. 

Critical Essays of a Country 
Parson. By A. K. H. B. Crown 8vo. 3s. 6cZ. 

The Graver Thoughts of a County 

Parson. By A. K. II. B. Two Series, 
3s. 6c7. each. 

Miscellaneous and Posthumous 

Works of the late Henry Thomas Buckle. 
Edited, with a Biographical Notice, hy 
Helen Taylor. 3 vols. 8vo. price 21. 1 2s. Gd. 

In the Morningland, or the Law 

of the Origin and Transformation of Chris- 
tianity ; Travel and Discussion in the East 
with the late Henry Thomas Buckle. By 
John S. Stuaet-Glennie, M.A. Post 8vo. 
[i?i May. 

Short Studies on Great Subjects. 

By James Anthony Froude, M.A. late 
Fellow of Exeter College, Oxford. 2 vols. 
crown 8vo. price 12s.] 



Miscellaneous Writings of John 

Conington, M.A. late Corpus Professor of 
Latin in the University of Oxford. Edited 
bv J. A. Symonds, M.A. With a Memoir 
by H. J. S. Smith, M.A. LL.D. F.E.S. 2 
vols. 8vo. price 28s. 

The Rev. Sydney Smith's Mis- 
cellaneous Works. Crown 8vo. price Gs. 

The Wit and Wisdom of the Rev. 

Sydney Smith ; a Selection of the most 
memorable Passages in his Writings and 
Conversation. Crown Svo. 3s. GcZ. 

The Eclipse of Faith ; or, a Visit to a 
Religious Sceptic. By Henry Rogers. 
Twelfth Edition. Fcp. Svo. 5s. 

Defence of the Eclipse of Faith. 
By Henry Rogers. Third Edition. Fcp. 
Svo. price 3s. Gd. 

Lord Macaulay's Miscellaneous 

Writings : — 
Library Edition, 2 vols. Svo. Portrait, 21s. 
People's Edition, 1 vol. crown Svo. 4s. 6cZ. 

Lord Macaulay's Miscellaneous 

Writings and Speeches. Student's Edition, 
in One Volume, crown Svo. price 6s. 

The Election of Representatives, 

Parliamentary and Municipal ; a Treatise. 
By Thomas Hare, Barrister-at-Law. 
Fourth Edition, adapting the proposed Law 
to the Ballot, with Appendices on the Pre- 
ferential and the Cumulative Vote. Post 
Svo. price 7s. 

Chips from a German Workshop ; 

being Essays on the Science of Religion, 
and on Mythology, Traditions, and Customs. 
By F. Max Mulder, M.A. &c. Foreign 
Member of the French Institute. 3 vols. 
8vo. £2. 
A Budget of Paradoses. By 
Augustus De Morgan, F.R.A.S. and 
C.P.S. of Trinity College, Cambridge. Re- 
printed, with the Author's Additions, from 
the Athenaeum. Svo. price 15s. 

The Secret of Hegel: being the 

Hegelian System in Origin, Principle, Form, 
and Matter. By James Hutchison Stir- 
ling, LL.D. Edin. 2 vols. Svo. 28s. 

Lectures on the Philosophy of 

Law. Together with Whewell and Hegel, 
and Hegel and Mr. W. R. Smith ; a Vindi 
cation in a Physico-Mathematical Regard 
By J. II. Stirling, LL.D. Edin. 8vo,price 6s 



NEW WORKS published by LONGMANS and CO. 



As Regards Protoplasm. By J. H. 
Stirling, LL.D. Edin. Second Edit., with 
Additions, in reference to Mr. Huxley's 
Second Issue and a new Preface in reply 
to Mr. Huxley in 'Yeast.' 8vo. price 2s. 

Sir "William Hamilton; being the 

Philosophy of Perception : an Analysis. 
By J. H. Stirling, LL.D. Edin. 8vo. 5s. 

The Philosophy of Necessity; or, 

Natural Law as applicable to Mental, Moral, 
and Social Science. By Charles Bray. 
Second Edition. 8vo. 9s. 

A Manual of Anthropology, or 

Sience of Man, based on Modern Research. 
By Charles Bray. Crown Svo. 6s. 

On Force, its Mental and Moral 

Correlates. By Charles Bray. 8vo. 5s. 

Time and Space; a Metaphysical 
Essay. By Shadworth H. Hodgson. 
8vo. price 16s. 

The Theory of Practice ; an Ethical 
Inquiry. By Shadworth H. Hodgson. 
2 vols. 8vo. price 24s. 



Ueberweg's System of Logic 

and History of Logical Doctrines. Trans- 
lated, with Notes and Appendices, by T. M. 
Lindsay, M.A. F.R.S.E. 8vo. price 16s. 

The Senses and the Intellect. 

By Alexander Baln, LL.D. Prof, of Logic 
in the Univ. of Aberdeen. Third Edition. 
8vo. 15s. 

Mental and Moral Science : a 

Compendium of Psychology and Ethics. 
By Alexander Bain, LL.D. Third 
Edition. Crown 8vo. 10s. Gd. Or sepa- 
rately : Part I. Mental Science, 6s. Gd. 
Part II. 3Ioral Science, is. Gd. 

A Treatise on Human Nature; 

being an Attempt to Introduce the Expe- 
rimental Method of Reasoning into Moral 
Subjects. By Daved Hume. Edited, with 
Notes, &c. by T. H. Green, Fellow, and 
T. H. Grose, late Scholar, of Balliol Col- 
lege, Oxford. 2 vols. 8vo. [In the press. 

Essays Moral, Political, and Li- 
terary. By David Hume. By the same 
Editors. 2 vols. 8vo. [_In the press. 



Astronomy, Meteorology, Popular Geography, <Sfc. 



Outlines of Astronomy. By Sir 

J. F. W. Herschel, Bart. M.A Eleventh 
Edition, with 9 Plates and numerous Dia- 
grams. Square crown 8vo. 12s. 

Essays on Astronomy. A Series of 
Papers on Planets and Meteors, the Sun 
and sun- surrounding Space, Stars and Star 
Cloudlets; and a Dissertation on the ap- 
proaching Transit of Venus : preceded by a 
Sketch of the Life and Work of Sir" J. 
Herschel. By R. A. Proctor, B.A. With 
10 Plates and 24 Woodcuts. 8vo. price 12s. 

Schellen's Spectrum Analysis, in 

its Application to Terrestrial Substances 
and the Physical Constitution of the Hea- 
venly Bodies. Translated by Jane and 
C. Lassell ; edited, with Notes, by W. 
Huggins, LL.D. F.R.S. With 13 Plates 
(6 coloured) and 223 Woodcuts. 8vo. 28s. 

The Sun ; Ruler, Light, JJ'ire, and 

Life of the Planetary System. By Richard 
A. Proctor, B.A. F.R. A.S. Second Edition ; 
with 10 Plates (7 coloured) and 107 Wood- 
cuts. Crown 8vo. price 14s. 

Saturn and its System. By R. A. 
Proctok, B.A. 8vo. with 14 Plates, 14s. 



Magnetism and Deviation of the 

Compass. For the use of Students in 
Navigation and Science Schools. By John 
Merrifield, LL.D. F.R.A.S. With Dia- 
grams. 18mo. price Is. Gd. 

Air and Rain; the Beginnings of 
a Chemical Climatology. By Robert 
Angus Smith, Ph.D. F.R.S. F.C.S. Govern- 
ment Inspector of Alkali Works, with 8 
Illustrations. Svo. price 24s. 

The Star Depths; or, other Suns 
than Ours ; a Treatise on Stars, Star-Sys- 
tems, and Star-Cloudlets. By R. A. 
Proctor, B.A. Crown 8vo. with numerous 
Illustrations. [Nearly ready. 

The Orbs Around Us ; a Series 

of Familiar Essays on the Moon and Planets, 
Meteors and Comets, the Sun and Coloured 
Pairs of Suns. By R. A. Proctor, B.A. 
Crown Svo. price 7s. Gd. 

Other "Worlds than Ours ; the 

Plurality of Worlds Studied under the 
Light of Recent Scientific Researches. By 
R. A. Proctor, B.A. Third Edition, 
revised and corrected; with 14 Illustra- 
tions. Crown 8vo. 10s. Gd. 



NEW WORKS published by LONGMANS and CO. 



Celestial Objects for Common 
Telescopes. By T. W. Webb, M.A. F.R.A.S. 

New Edition, revised, with Map of the 
Moon and Woodcuts. Crown 8vo. price 
7s. 6d. 

A New Star Atlas, for the Library, 
the School, and the Observatory, in Twelve 
Circular Maps (with Two Index Plates) 
Iutended as a Companion to ' Webb's Celes- 
tial Objects for Common Telescopes.' With 
a Letterpress Introduction on the Study of 
the Stars, illustrated bj T 9 Diagrams. By 
Richard A. Proctor, B.A. Hon. Sec. 
R.A.S. Crown 8vo. 5s. 

Maunder's Treasury of Geogra- 
phy, Physical, Historical, Descriptive, and 
Political. Edited by W. Hughes, F.R.G.S. 
With 7 Maps and 16 Plates. Ecp. Svo. 6s. 



A General Dictionary of Geo- 
graphy, Descriptive, Physical, Statistical, 
and Historical ; forming a complete 
Gazetteer of the World. By A. Keith 
Johnston, F.R.S.E. New Edition, 
thoroughly revised. \_In the press. 

The Public Schools Atlas of 

Modern Geography. In Thirty-one Maps, 
exhibiting clearly the more important 
Physical Features of the Countries deli- 
neated, and Noting all the Chief Places of 
Historical, Commercial, and Social Interest. 
Edited, with an Introduction, by the Rev. 
G. Butler, M.A. Imperial quarto, price 
3s. Gd. sewed; 5s. cloth. 

Nautical Surveying, an Intro- 
duction to the Practical and Theoretical 
Study of. By John Knox Laughtox, 
M.A. F.R.A.S. Small 8vo. price 6s. 



Natural History and Popular Science. 



Popular Lectures on Scientific 

__ Subjects. By II. Helmiioltz, Professor of 
Physiology, formerly in the L'niversity of 
Heidelberg, and now in the University of 
Berlin, Foreign Member of the Royal 
Society of London. Translated by E. 
Atkinson Ph.D. F.C.S Professor of E x- 
perimental Science, Staff College. With 
many Illustrative Wood Engravings. Svo. 
price 12s. 6d. 

Introduction to Experimental 

Physics, Theoretical and Practical ; inclu- 
ding Directiens for Constructing Physical 
Apparatus and for Making Experiments. 
By A. F. W-EixiiOLD, Professor in the 
Royal Technical School at Chemnitz. Trans- 
lated and edited (with the Author's sanc- 
tion) by B. Loewy, F.R.A.S. With a 
Preface by G. C. Fostee, F.R.S. Professor 
of Physics in University College, London. 
With numerous Wood Engravings. Svo. 
price 18s. 

Natural Philosophy for General 

Readers and Young Persons ; a Course of 
Physics divested of Mathematical Formula? 
and expressed in the language of daily life. 
Translated from Ganot's Cours de Physique, 
by E. Atkinson, Ph.D. F.C.S. Crown Svo. 
with 404 Woodcuts, price 7s. 6d. 

Mrs. Mareet's Conversations on 

Natural Philosophy. Revised by the 
Author's Son, and augmented by Conversa- 
tions on Spectrum Analysis and Solar 
Chemistry. With 36 Plates. Crown Svo. 
price 7s. 6d.\ 



Ganot's Elementary Treatise on 

Physics, Experimental and Applied, for the 
use of Colleges and Schools. Translated and 
Edited with the Author's sanction by 
E. Atkinson, Ph.D. F.C.S. New Edition, 
revised and enlarged ; with a Coloured Plate 
and 726 Woodcuts. Post 8vo. 15s. 

Text-Books of Science, Mechanical 
and Physical. Edited by T. M. Goodevf, 
M.A. and C. W. Merrifield, F.R.S. 
Small Svo. price 3s. 6d. each : — 

1. Goodeve's Mechanism. 

2. Bloxam's Metals. 

3. Miller's Inorganic Chemistry. 

4. Griffin's Algebra and Trigonometry. 
Griffin's Notes and Solutions. 

5. Watson's Plane and Solid Geometry. 

6. Maxwell's Theory of Heat. 

7. Merrifield's Technical Arithmetic 

and Mensuration. 
Key, by the Rev. John Hunter, M.A. 

8. Anderson's Strength of Materials. 

9. Jknkin's Electricity and Magnetism. 

Dove's Law Of Storms, considered in 
connexion with the ordinary Movements of 
the Atmosphere. Translated by R. H' 
Scott, M.A. T.C.D. Svo. 10s. 6d. 

The Correlation of Physical 

Forces. By Sir W. R. Grove, Q.C. V.P.R.S 
Fifth Edition, revised, and Augmented by a 
Discourse on Continuity. 8vo. 10s. 6d 

Fragments of Science. By Joh 
Tvndall, LL.D. F.R.S. Third Edition. 
Svo. price 14s] 



10 



NEW WORKS published by LONGMANS ahd CO. 



Heat a Mode of Motion. By John 

Tyndall, LL.D. F.R.S. Fourth Edition. 
Crown 8vo. with Woodcuts, price 10s. 6c?. 
Sound ; a Course of Eight Lectures de- 
livered at the Royal Institution of Great 
Britain. By John Tyndall, LL.D. F.R.S. 
New Edition, with Portrait and Woodcuts. 
Crown 8vo. 9s. 

Researches on Diamagnetism 

and Magne-Crystallic Action ; including 
the Question of Diamagnetic Polarity. By 
John Tyndall, LL.D. F.R.S. With 6 
Plates and many Woodcuts. Svo. 14s. 

Principles of Animal Mechanics. 
By the Rev. Samuel Haughton, F.R.S. 
M.D. Duiblin, D.C.L. Oxon. Fellow of 
Trinity College, Dublin. Svo. price 21s. 

Lectures on Light, Delivered in 

America in 1872 and 1873. By John 
Tyndall, LL.D., F.R S. Professor of Natu- 
ral Philosophy in the Royal Insitution of 
Great Britain. [/« the press. 

Notes of a Course of Wine Lec- 
tures on Light, delivered at the Royal 
Institution, a.d. 1869. By J. Tyndall, 
LL.D. F.R.S. Crown Svo. Is. sewed, or 
Is. 6d. cloth. 

Notes of a Course of Seven Lec- 
tures on Electrical Phenomena and Theories, 
delivered at the Royal Institution, a.d. 1870. 
By John Tyndall, LL.D. F.R.S. Crown 
8vo. Is. sewed, or Is. 6c?. cloth. 

Light Science for Leisure Hours; 

a Series of Familiar Essays on Scientific 
Subjects, Natural Phenomena, &c. By 
R. A. Proctor, B.A. Second Edition, re- 
vised. Crown Svo. price 7s. 6c?. 

Light: its Influence on Life and Health. 
By Forbes Winslow. M.D. D.C.L. Oxon. 
(Hon.) Fcp. 8vo. 6s. 

Professor Owen's Lectures on 

the Comparative Anatomy and Physiology 
of the Invertebrate Animals. Second 
Edition, with 235 Woodcuts. Svo. 21s. 

The Comparative Anatomy and 

Physiology of the Vertebrate Animals. By 
Richard Owen, F.R.S. D.C.L. With 
1,472 Woodcuts. 3 vols. 8vo. £3 13s. 6c?. 

Kirby and Spence's Introduction 

to Entomology, or Elements of the Natural 
History of Insects. Crown 8vo. 5s. 

Strange Dwellings; a Description 

of the Habitations of Animals, abridged 
from ' Homes without Hands.' By J. G. 
Wood, M.A. F.L.S. With a New Frontis- 
piece and about 60 other Woodcut Illus- 
trations. Crown Svo. price 7s. 6c?. 



Homes without Hands ; a Descrip- 
tion of the Habitations of Animals, classed 
according to their Principle of Construction. 
By Rev. J. G. Wood, M.A. F.L.S. With 
about 140 Vignettes on Wood. 8vo. 21s. 

The Harmonies of Nature and 

Unity of Creation. By Dr. G. Hartwig. 
8vo. with numerous Illustrations, 18s. 
The Aerial World. By Dr. George 
Hartwig, Author of 'The Sea and its 
Living- Wonders,' 'The Polar World,' &c. 
Svo. with numerous Illustrations. 

[_In the press. 

The Sea and its Living "Wonders. 

By the same Author. Third Edition, en- 
larged. 8vo. with many Illustrations, 21s. 

The Tropical World ; a Popular 
Scientific Account of the Natural History 
of the Equatorial Regions. By the same 
Author. New Edition, with about 200 
Illustrations. Svo. price 10s. 6c?. 

The Subterranean World. By the 

same Author. With 3 Maps and about 80 
Woodcut Illustrations, including 8 full size 
of page. Svo. price 21s. 
The Polar World: a Popular Descrip- 
tion of Man and Nature in the Arctic and 
Antarctic Regions of the Globe. By the 
same Author. With 8 Chromoxylographs, 
3 Maps, and 85 Woodcuts. Svo. 21s. 

A Familiar History of Birds. 

By E. Stanley, D.D. late Lord Bishop of 
Norwich. Fcp. with Woodcuts, 3s. 6c?. 

Insects at Home; a Popular Ac- 
count of British Insects, their Structure, 
Habits, and Transformations. By the 
Rev. J. G. Wood, M.A. F.L.S. With 
upwards of 700 Illustrations engraved on 
Wood. 8vo. price 21s. 

Insects Abroad ; being a Popular 
Account of Foreign Insects, their Structure, 
Habits, and Transformations. By J. G. 
Wood, M.A. F.L.S. Author of 'Homes 
without Hands' &c. In One Volume, 
printed and illustrated uniformly with 
' Insects at Home,' to which it will form a 
Sequel and Companion. \_In the press. 

The Primitive Inhabitants of 

Scandinavia. Containing a Description of 
the Implements, Dwellings, Tombs, and 
Mode of Living of the Savages in the North 
of Europe during the Stone Age. By Sven 
Nilsson. 8vo. Plates and Woodcuts, 18s. 

The Origin of Civilisation, and 

the Primitive Condition of Man ; Mental 
and Social Condition of Savages. By Sir 
John Lubbock, Bart. M.P. F.R.S. Second 
Edition, with 25 Woodcuts. Svo. 16s. 



NEW WORKS published by LONGMANS and CO. 



11 



An Exposition of Fallacies in the 

Hypothesis of Mr. Darwin. ByC. R. Bkee. 
MJ). F.Z.S. With 36 Woodcuts. Crown 
8vo. price 14s. 

The Ancient Stone Implements, 

Weapons, and Ornaments, of Great Britain. 
By John Evans, F.R.S. F.S.A. 8vo. with 
2 Plates and 476 Woodcuts, price 28s. 

Mankind, their Origin and Des- 
tiny. By an M.A. of Balliol College, 
Oxford. Containing a New Translation of 
the First Three Chapters of Genesis ; a 
Critical Examination of the First Two 
Gospels ; an Explanation of the Apocalypse ; 
and the Origin and Secret Meaning of the 
Mythological and Mystical Teaching of the 
Ancients. With 31 Illustrations. 8vo. 
price 31s. Gd. 

Bible Animals ; a Description of every 
Living Creature mentioned in the Scrip- 
tures, from the Ape to the Coral. By 
the Rev. J. G. Wood, M.A. F.L.S. With 

about 100 Vignettes on Wood. 8vo. 21s. 

Maunder's Treasury of Natural 

History, or Popidar Dictionary of Zoology. 
Revised and corrected Edition. Fcp. 8vo. 
with D00 Woodcuts, price 6s. 
The Elements of Botany for 

Families and Schools. Tenth Edition, re- 
vised by Thomas Moore, F.L.S. Fcp. 
with 154 Woodcuts, 2s. Gd. 

The Treasury of Botany, or 

Popidar Dictionary of the Vegetable King, 
dom ; with which is incorporated a Glos. 
sary of Botanical Terms. Edited by 
J. Lindley, F.R.S. and T. Moore, F.L.S. 
Pp. 1,274, with 274 Woodcuts and 20 Steel 
Plates. Two Parts, fcp. 8vo. 12s. 

The Rose Amateur's Guide. By 

Thomas Rivers. The Tenth Edition, 
revised and improved. Fcp. 8vo. price 4s. 



A Dictionary of Science, Litera 

ture, and Art. Fourth Edition, re-edited 
by the late W. T. Brande (the Author) 
and George W. Cox, M.A. 3 vols, medium 
8vo. price 63s. cloth. 

Maunder's Scientific and Lite- 
rary Treasury ; a Popular Encyclopedia of 
Science, Literature, and Art. New Edition, 
in part rewritten, with above 1,000 new 
articles, by J. Y. Johnson. Fcp. Gs. 

Loudon's Encyclopaedia of Plants ; 

comprising the Specific Character, Descrip- 
tion, Culture, History, &c. of all the Plants 
found in Great Britain. With upwards of 
12,000 Woodcuts. 8vo. 42s. 

Handbook of Hardy Trees, 

Shrubs, and Herbaceous Plants ; containing 
Descriptions, Native Countries, &c. of a 
selection of the Best Species in Cultivation ; 
together with Cultural Details, Compara- 
tive Hardiness, suitability for particular 
positions, &c. Based on the French Work 
of Messrs. Decaisne and Naudin, intitled 
' Manuel de l'Amateur des Jardins,' and 
including 720 Woodcut Illustrations by 
Riocreux and Leblanc. By W. B. Hemsley, 
formerly Assistant, at the Herbarium of the 
Royal Gardens, Kew. Medium 8vo. 21s. 

A General System of Descriptive 

and Analytical Botany : I. Organography, 
Anatomy, and Physiology of Plants ; II. 
Iconography, or the Description and His- 
tory of Natural Families. Translated from 
the French of E. Le Maout, M.D. and J. 
Decaisne, Member of the Institute, by Mrs. 
Hooker. Edited and arranged according to 
the Botanical System adopted in the Uni- 
versities and Schools of Great Britain, by 
J. D. Hooker, M.D. &c. Director of the 
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. With 5,500 
Woodcuts from Designs by L. Stenheil and 
A. Riocreux. Medium 8vo. price 52s. Gd. 



Chemistry, Medicine, Surgei 

A Dictionary of Chemistry and 
the Allied Branches of other Sciences. By 
Henry Watts, F.C.S. assisted by eminent 
Scientific and Practical Chemists. 5 vols. 
medium 8vo. price £7 3s. 

Supplement, Completing the Record 
of Discovery to the end of 1869. 8vo. 
31s. Gd. 

Contributions to Molecular 

Physics in the domain of Radiant Heat ; 
a Series of Memoirs published in the 
Philosophical Transactions, &c. By John 
Tyndall, LL.D. F.R.S. With 2 Plates 
and 31 Woodcuts. 8vo. price 16s. 



'?/, and the Allied Sciences. 

Elements of Chemistry, Theore- 
tical and Practical. By William -A 
Miller, M.D. LL.D. Professor of Chemis- 
try, King's College, London. New Edition. 
3 vols. 8vo. £3. 

Part I. Chemical Physics, 15s. 

Part II. Inorganic Chemistry, 21s. 

Part III. Organic Chemistry' 24s. 

A Coiu'se of Practical Chemistry, 

for the use of Medical Students. By 
W. Odling, M.B. F,R.S. New Edition, will 
70 new Woodcuts. Crown 8vo. 7s. Gd. 



NEW WORKS published by LONGMANS and CO. 



A Manual of Chemical Physio- 
logy, including its Points of Contact with 
Pathology. By J. L. W. Thudichum, M.D. 
8vo. with Woodcuts, price 7s. 6c?. 

Select Methods in Chemical 

Analysis, chiefly Inorganic. By William 
Ckook.es, F.R.S. With 22 Woodcuts. 
Crown 8vo. price 12s. 6c?. 

Chemical Notes for the Lecture 

Room. By Thomas Wood, F.C.S. 2 vols, 
crown 8vo. I. on Heat, &c. price 5s. 
II. on the Metals, price 5s. 

The Handbook for Midwives. By 
Henry Ply Smith, B.A. M.B. Oxon. 
M.R.C.S. Eng. late Assistant- Surgeon at 
the Hospital for Women, Soho Square. 
With 41 Woodcuts. Crown 8vo. price 5s. 

The Diagnosis, Pathology, and 

Treatment of Diseases of Women ; including 
the Diagnosis of Pregnancy. By Graily 
Hewitt, M.D. &c. Third Edition, revised 
and for the most part re-written ; with 132 
Woodcuts. 8vo. 24s. 

Lectures on the Diseases of In- 
fancy and Childhood. By Charles West, 
M.D. &c. Fifth Edition. 8vo. 16s. 

On Some Disorders of the Ner- 
vous System in Childhood. Being the 
Lumleian Lectures delivered before the 
Royal College of Physicians in March 1871 
By Charles West, M.D. Crown 8vo. 5s 

On Chronic Bronchitis, especially 

as connected with Gout, Emphysema, and 
Diseases of the Heart. By E. Headlam 
Greknhotv, M.D. F.R.S. Physician to 
and Lecturer on the Principles and Practice 
of Medicine at the Middlesex Hospital. 8vo. 
price 7s. 6c?. 

On the Surgical Treatment of 

Children's Diseases. By T. Holmes, M.A. 
&c. late Surgeon to the Hospital for Sick 
Children. Second Edition, with 9 Plates 
and 112 Woodcuts. 8vo. 21s. 

Lectures on the Principles and 

Practice of Physic. By Sir Thomas Wat- 
son, Bart. M.D. Physician-in-Ordinary to 
the Queen. Fifth Edition, thoroughly re- 
vised. 2 vols. 8vo. price 36s. 

Lectures on Surgical Pathology. 

By Sir James Paget, Bart. F.R.S. Third 
Edition, revised and re-edited by the Author 
and Professor W. Tfrner, M.B. 8vo. with 
131 Woodcuts, 21s. 



Cooper's Dictionary of Practical 

Surgery and Encyclopaedia of Surgical 
Science. New Edition, brought down to 
the present time. By S. A. Lane, Surgeon to 
St. Mary's Hospital, &c. assisted by various 
Eminent Surgeons. 2 vols. 8vo. price 
25s. each. 

Pulmonary Consumption ; its 

Nature, Varieties, and Treatment : with an 
Analysis of One Thousand Cases to exem- 
plify its Duration. Bv C. J. B. Williams, 
M.D. F.R.S. and C. T. Williams, M.A. 
M.D. Oxon. Post 8vo. price 10s. 6c?. 

The Climate of the South of 

France as suited to Invalids ; with Notices 
of Mediterranean and other Winter Stations. 
By C. T. Williams, M.D. Physician to the 
Hospital for Consumption at Brompton. 
Second Edition, with an Appendix on 
Alpine Summer Quarters and the Mountain 
Cure, and a Map. Crown 8vo. price 6s. 

Anatomy, Descriptive and Sur- 
gical. By Henry Gray, F.R.S. With 
about 410 Woodcuts from Dissections. Sixth 
Edition, by T.Holmes, M.A.Cantab. With 
a New Introduction by the Editor. Royal 
8vo. 28s. 

The House I Live in ; or, Popular 

Illustrations of the Structure and Functions 
of the Human Body. Edited by T. G. Girtin. 
New Edition, with 25 Woodcuts. 16mo. 
price 2s. 6c?. 

Quain's Elements of Anatomy. 

Seventh Edition [1867]. Edited by W. 
Sharpey, M.D. F.R.S. Professor of Anatomy 
and Physiology in University College, Lon- 
don ; Allen Thomas, M.D. F.R.S. Pro- 
fessor of Anatomy in the University of 
Glasgow : and J. Cleland, M.D. Professor 
of Anatomy in Queen's College, Galway. 
With upwards of 800 Engravings on Wood. 
2 vols. 8vo. price 31s. 6c?. 

The Science and Art of Surgery ; 

being a Treatise on Surgical Injuries, 
Diseases, and Operations. By John Eric 
Erichsen, Senior Surgeon to University 
College Hospital, and Holme Professor of 
Clinical Surgery in University College, 
London. A New Edition, being the Sixth, 
revised and enlarged ; with 712 Woodcuts. 
2 vols. 8vo. price 32s. 

A System of Surgery, Theoretical 

and Practical, in Treatises by Various 
Authors. Edited by T. Holmes, M.A. &c. 
Surgeon and Lecturer on Surgery at St. 
George's Hospital, and Surgeon-in-Chief to 
the Metropolitan Police. Second Edition, 
thoroughly revised, with numerous Illus- 
trations. 5 vols. 8vo. £5 5s. 



NEW WORKS published by LONGMANS and CO. 



A Treatise on the Continued 

Fevers of Great Britain. By Charles 
Murchison, M.D. New Edition, revised. 
\_Nearly ready. 

Clinical Lectures on Diseases of 

the Liver, Jaundice, and Abdominal Dropsy. 
By Charles Murchison, M.D. Physician 
to the Middlesex Hospital. Post 8vo. with 
25 Woodcuts, 10s. Qd. 

Copland's Dictionary of Practical 

Medicine, abridged from the larger work, 
and throughout brought down to the pre- 
sent state of Medical Science. 8vo. 065. 

Outlines of Physiology, Human 
and Comparative. By John Marshall, 
F.R.C.S. Surgeon to the University College 
Hospital. 2 vols, crown 8vo. with 122 
Woodcuts, 32s. 



Dr. Pereira's Elements of Materia 

Medica and Therapeutics, abridged and 
adapted for tbe use of Medical and Phar- 
maceutical Practitioners and Students. 
Edited by Professor Bentley, F.L.S. &c. 
and by Dr. Redwood, F.C.S. &c. With 
125 Woodcut Illustrations. 8vo. price 25s. 

The Essentials of Materia Medica 

and Therapeutics. By Alfred Baring 
Garrod, M.D. F.R.S. &c. Physician to 
King's College Hospital. Third Edition, 
Sixth Impression, brought up to 1870. 
Crown 8vo. price 12s. 6c?. 

Todd and Bowman's Physio- 
logical Anatomy and Physiology of Man. 
With numerous Illustrations. Vol. II. 8vo. 
price 25s. 

Vol. I. New Edition by Dr. Lionel S. 
Beale, F.R.S. in course of publication, 
with numerous Illustrations. Parts I. 
and II. price 7s. Qd. each. 



The Fine Arts, and Illustrated Editions. 



Grotesque Animals, invented, 

described, and portraved by E. W. Cooke, 
R.A. F.R.S. F.GS. F.Z.S. in 24 Plates, with 
Elucidatory Comments. Royal 4 to. 21s. 

In Fairyland ; Pictures from the Elf- 
World. By Richard Doyle. With a 
Poem by W. Allingham. With 16 coloured 
Plates, containing 3G Designs. Folio, 31s. 6c?. 

Albert Durer, his Life and 

Works ; including Autobiographical Papers 
and Complete Catalogues. By William 
B. Scott. With Six Etchings by the 
Author and other Illustrations. 8vo. 16s. 

Half-Hour Lectures on the His- 
tory and Practice of the Fine and Orna- 
mental Arts. By. W. B. Scott. Second 
Edition. Crown 8vo. with 50 Woodcut 
Illustrations, 8s. Qd. 

The Chorale Book for England: 

the Hymns Translated by Miss C. Wink- 
worth ; the Tunes arranged by Prof. W. 
S. Bennett and Otto Goldschmidt. 
Fcp. 4to. 12s. Qd. 

The New Testament, illustrated with 

Wood Engravings after the Early Masters, 
chiefly of the Italian School. Crown 4to. 
63s. cloth, gilt top ; or £5 5s. morocco. 

The Life of Man Symbolised by 

the Months of the Year in their Seasons 
and Phases. Text selected by Richard 
Pigot. 25 Illustrations on Wood from 
Original Designs by John Leighton, 
F.S.A. Quarto, 42s. 



Cats and Earlie's Moral Em- 
blems ; with Aphorisms, Adages, and Pro- 
verbs of all Nations: comprising 121 Illus- 
trations on Wood by J. Leighton, F.S.A. 
with an appropriate Text by R. Pigot. 
Imperial 8vo. 31s. Qd. 

Sacred and Legendary Art. JBy 

Mrs. Jameson. 6 vols, square crown 8vo. 
price £5 15s. Qd. as follows : — 

Legends of the Saints and Mar- 

tvrs. New Edition, with 19 Etchings and 
187 Woodcuts. 2 vols, price 31s. Qd. 

Legends of the Monastic Orders. 

New Edition, with 11 Etchings and 88 
Woodcuts. 1 vol. price 21s. 

Legends of the Madonna. New 

Edition, with 27 Etchings and 165 Wood- 
cuts. 1 vol. price 21s. 

The History of Our Lord, with 

that of His Types and Precursors. Com- 
pleted by Lady Eastlake. Revised Edi- 
tion, with 13 Etchings and 281 Woodcuts. 
2 vols, price 42s. 

Lyra Germanica, the Christian Year. 
Translated by Catherine Winkworth, 
with 125 Illustrations on Wood drawn by 
J. Leighton, F.S.A. Quarto, 21s. 

Lyra Germanica, the Christian Life. 
Translated by Catherine Winkworth ; 
with about 200 Woodcut Illustrations by 
J. Leighton, F.S.A. and other Artists. 
Quarto, 21s. 



NEW WORKS published by LONGMANS and CO. 



The Useful Arts, Manufactures, §c. 



Gwilt's Encyclopaedia of Archi- 
tecture, with above 1,600 Woodcuts. Fifth 
Edition, with Alterations and considerable 
Additions, by Wyatt Paptvorth. 8vo. 
price 52s. Gd. 

A Manual of Architecture : being 
a Concise History and Explanation of the 
principal Styles of European Architecture, 
Ancient, Mediaeval, and Renaissance ; with 
their Chief Variations and a Glossary of 
Technical Terms. By Thomas Mitchell. 
With 150 Woodcuts. Crown Svo. 10s. 6cZ. 

History of the Gothic Revival; 

an Attempt to shew how far the taste for 
Mediaeval Architecture was retained in 
England during the last two centuries, and 
has been re-developed in the present. By 
C. L. Eastlake, Architect. With 48 
Illustrations (36 full size of page). Im- 
perial 8vo. price 31s. 6c?. 

Hints on Household Taste in 

Furniture, Upholstery, and other Details. 
By Charles L. Eastlake, Architect. 
New Edition, with about 90 Illustrations. 
Square crown Svo. 14s. 

Geometric Turning: comprising 
a Description of the New Geometric Chuck 
constructed by Mr. Plaut of Birmingham, 
with Directions for its use, and a Series of 
Patterns cut by it; with Explanations of 
the mode of producing them, and an 
Account of a New Process of Deep Cutting 
and of -Graving on Copper. By H. S. 
Savory. With 571 Woodcut Illustrations. 
Square crown Svo. price 21s. 

Lathes and Turning, Simple, Me- 
chanical, and Ornamental. By W. Henry 
Northcott. With about 240 Illustrations 
on Steel and Wood. Svo. 18s. 

Perspective ; or, the Art of Drawing 
what one Sees. Explained and adapted to 
the use of those Sketching from Nature. By 
Lieut, W. H. Collins, R.E. F.R. A.S. With 
37 Woodcuts. Crown Svo. price 5s. 

Principles of Mechanism, designed 
for the use of Students in the Universities, 
and for Engineering Students generally. 
By R. Willis, M.A. F.R.S. &c. Jacksonian 
Professor in the Univ. of Cambridge. Second 
Edition ; with 374 Woodcuts. 8vo. 18s. 

Handbook of Practical Tele- 
graphy. By R. S. Culley, Memb. Inst. 
C.E. Engineer-in-Chief of Telegraphs to 
the Post-Office. Fifth Edition, revised and 
enlarged ; with 118 Woodcuts and 9 Plates. 

[ ; Svo. price 14s. 



lire's Dictionary of Arts, Manu- 
factures, and Mines. Sixth Edition, re- 
written and greatly enlarged by Robert 
Hunt, F.R.S. assisted by numerous Con- 
tributors. With 2,000 Woodcuts. 3 vols, 
medium Svo. £4 14s. 6e?. 

Encyclopedia of Civil Engineer- 
ing, Historical, Theoretical, and Practical. 
By E. Cresy, C.E. With above 3,000 
Woodcuts. 8vo. 42s. 

Catechism of the Steam Engine, 

in its various Applications to Mines, Mills, 
Steam Navigation, Railways, and Agricul- 
ture. By John Bourne, C.E. New Edi- 
tion, with 89 Woodcuts. Fcp. Svo. 6s. 

Handbook of the Steam Engine. 

By John Bourne, C.E. forming a Key to 
the Author's Catechism of the Steam Engine. 
With 67 Woodcuts. Fcp. 8vo. price 9s. 

Recent Improvements in the 

Steam Engine. By John Bourne, C.E. 
New Edition, including many New Ex- 
amples, with 124 Woodcuts. Fcp. 8vo. 6s. 

A Treatise on the Steam Engine, 

in its various Applications to Mines, Mills, 
Steam Navigation, Railways, and Agri- 
culture. By J. Bourne, C.E. New Edition ; 
with Portrait, 37 Plates, and 546 Woodcuts. 
4to. 42s. 

Treatise on Mills and MUlwork. 

By Sir W. Fairbairn, Bart. F.R.S. New- 
Edition, with 18 Plates and 322 Woodcuts. 
2 vols. Svo. 32s. 

Useful Information" for Engi- 
neers. By the same Author. First, Second, 
and Third Series, with many Plates and 
Woodcuts. 3 vols, crown Svo. 10s. 6c?. each. 

The Application of Cast and 

Wrought Iron to Building Purposes. By 
the same Author. Fourth Edition, with 6 
Plates and 118 Woodcuts. Svo. 16s. 

The Strains in Trusses Computed 

by means of Diagrams ; with 20^ 'Examples 
drawn to Scale. By F. A. Ranicen, M.A. 
C.E. Lecturer at the Hartley Institution, 
Southampton. With 35 Diagrams. Square 
crown Svo. price 6s. 6d. 

Mitchell's Manual of Practical 

Assaying. New Edition, being the Fourth, 
thoroughly revised, with the recent Dis- 
coveries incorporated. By W. Crookes, 
F.R.S. With numerous Woodcuts. 8vo. 
\_N~early ready. 



NEW WORKS published by LONGMANS and CO. 



Bayldon's Art of Valuing Rents 

and Tillages, and Claims of Tenants upon 
Quitting Farms, both at Michaelmas and 
Lady-Day. Eighth Edition, revised by 
J. C. Morton. 8vo. 10s. 6c?. 
On the Manufacture of Beet- 

Root Sugar in England and Ireland. By 
William Crookes, F.R.S. With 11 Wood- 
cuts. Svo. 8s. 6c?. 

Loudon's Encyclopaedia of Gar- 
dening: comprising theTheory and Practice 
of Horticulture, Floriculture, Arboriculture, 
and Landscape Gardening. With 1,000 
Woodcuts. Svo. 21s. 



Practical Treatise on Metallurgy, 

adapted from the last German Edition of 
Professor Kerl's Metallurgy by W. 
Crookes, F.R.S. &c. and E. Rohrig, 
Ph.D. M.E. 3 vols. Svo. with 625 Wood- 
cuts, price il. 19s. 

Loudon's Encyclopsedia of Agri- 
culture: comprising the Laying-out, Im- 
provement, and Management of Landed 
Property, and the Cultivation and Economy 
of the Productions of Agriculture. With 
1,100 Woodcuts. 8vo. 21s. 



Religious and Moral Works. 



The Speaker's Bible Commen- 
tary, by Bishops and other Clergy of the 
Anglican Church, critically examined by 
the Right Rev. J. W. Colenso,D.D. Bishop 
of Natal. Svo. Part I, Genesis, 3s. 6c?. 
Part II. Exodus, As. 6c?. Part III. Levi- 
ticus, 2s. 6c?. Part IV. Numbers, 3s. 6d. 
Part V. Deuteronomy, 5s. 

The Outlines of the Christian 

Ministry Delineated, and brought to the 
Test of Reason, Holy Scripture, History, 
and Experience. By Christopher Words- 
worth, D.C.L. &c. Bishop of St. Andrew's. 
Crown 8vo. price 7s. 6c?. 

Christian Counsels, selected from 

the Devotional Works of Fenelon, Arch- 
bishop of Cambrai. Translated by A. M. 
James. Crown Svo. price 5s. 

Eight Essays on Ecclesiastical 

Reform. By various Writers ; with Pre- 
face and Analysis of the Essays. Edited 
by the Rev. Orby Shipley, M.A. Crown 
Svo. 10s. Qd. 
Authority and Conscience ; a Free 

Debate on the Tendency of Dogmatic 
Theology and on the Characteristics of 
Faith. Edited by Conway Morel. Post 
Svo. 7s. 6c?. 

Reasons of Faith ; or, the Order of the 
Christian Argument Developed and Ex- 
plained. By the Rev. G. S. Drew, M.A. 
Second Edition, revised and enlarged. Fcp. 
Svo. 6s. 

Christ the Consoler ; a Book of Com- 
fort for the Sick. With a Preface by the 
Right Rev. the Lord Bishop of Carlisle. 
Small Svo. 6s. 

The True Doctrine of the Eucha- 
rist. By Thomas S. L. Vogan, D.D. 
Canon and Prebendary of Chichester and 
Rural Dean. vo. 18s. 



The Student's Compendium of 

the Book of Common Prayer ; being Notes 
Historical and Explanatory of the Liturgy 
of the Church of England. By the Rev. H. 
Allden Nash. Fcp. Svo. price 2s. 6c?. 

Synonyms of the Old Testament, 

their Bearing on Christian Faith and Prac- 
tice. By the Rev. Robert B. Girdle- 
stone, M.A. Svo. price 15s. 

Fundamentals; or, Bases of Belief 
concerning Man and God : a Handbook of 
Mental, Moral, and Religious Philosophy. 
By the Rev. T. Griffith, M.A. Svo. 
price 10s. 6c?. 

An Introduction to the Theology 

of the Church of England, in an Exposition 
of the Thirty-nine Articles. By the Rev. 
T. P. Boultbee, LL.D. Fcp. 8vo. price 6s, 

Christian Sacerdotalism, viewed 

from a Layman's standpoint or tried by 
Holy Scripture and the Early Fathers ; 
with a short Sketch of the State of the 
Church from the end of the Third to the 
Reformation in the beginning of the Six- 
teenth Century. By John Jardine, M.A. 
LL.D. Svo. 8s. 6c?. 
Prayers for the Family and for 

Private Use, selected from the Collection 
of the late Baron Bunsen, and Trans- 
lated by Catherine Winkworth. Fcp. 
Svo. price 3s. 6c?. 

Churches and their Creeds. By 

the Rev. Sir Philip Perrlng, Bart, late 
Scholar of Trin. Coll. Cambridge, and 
University Medallist. Crown Svo. 10s. 

The Problem of the World and 

the Church Reconsidered, in Three Letters 
to a Friend. By a Septuagenarian. 
Second Edition, revised and edited] by 
James Booth, C.B. Crown Svo. price 5s. 



NEW WORKS published by LONGMANS and CO. 



An Exposition of the 39 Articles, 

Historical and Doctrinal. By E. Harold 
Browne, D.D. Lord Bishop of Ely. Ninth 
Edition. 8vo. 16s. 

The Voyage and Shipwreck of 

St. Paul; with Dissertations on the Ships 
and Navigation of the Ancients. By James 
Smith, F^S. Crown Svo. Charts, 10s. Gd. 

The Life and Epistles of St. 
Paul. By the Rev. W. J. Conybeare, 
M.A. and the Very Rev. J. S. Howson, 
D.D. Dean of Chester. Three Editions :— 

Library Edition, with all the Original 
Illustrations, Maps, Landscapes on Steel, 
Woodcuts, &c. 2 vols. 4to. 48s. 

Intermediate Edition, with a Selection 
of Maps, Plates, and Woodcuts. 2 vols, 
square crown Svo. 21s. 

Student's Edition, revised and con- 
densed, with 46 Illustrations and Maps. 1 
vol. crown Svo. 9s. 

Evidence of the Truth of the 

Christian Religion derived from the Literal 
Fulfilment of Prophecy. By Alexander 
Keith, D.D. 40th Edition, with numerous 
Plates, in square 8vo. 12s. Gd.; also the 
39th Edition, in post Svo. with 5 Plates, 6s. 

The History and Destiny of the 

World and of the Church, according to 
Scripture. By the same Author. Square Svo. 
with 40 Illustrations, 10s. 

The History and Literature of 

the Israelites, according to the Old Testa- 
ment and the Apocrypha. By C. De 
Rothschild and A. De Rothschild. 
Second Edition. 2 vols, crown 8vo. 12s. 6d. 
Abridged Edition, in 1 vol. fcp. Svo. 3s. Gd. 

Ewald's History of Israel to the 

Death of Moses. Translated from the Ger- 
man. Edited, with a Preface and an Ap- 
pendix, by Russell Martineau, M.A. 
Second Edition. 2 vols. Svo. 24s. Vols. III. 
and IV. edited by J. E. Carpenteb, M.A. 
price 21s. 

England and Christendom. By 

Archbishop Manning, D.D. Post 8vo. 
price 10s Gd. 

Ignatius Loyola and the Early 

Jesuits. By Stewart Rose New Edition, 
revised. Svo. with Portrait, 16s. 

An Introduction to the Study of 

the New Testament, Critical, Exegetical, 
and Theological. By the Rev. S. Davidson, 
D.D. LL.D. 2 vols. 8vo. 30s. 



Commentary on the Epistle to 

the Romans. By the Rev. W .A. O'Connor, 
B.A. Crown Svo. price 3s. Gd. 

The Epistle to the Hebrews ; 

With Analytical Introduction and Notes. 
By the Rev.*W. A. O'Connor, B.A. Crown 
Svo. price 4s. Gd. 

A Critical and Grammatical Com- 
mentary on St. Paul's Epistles. By C. J. 
Ellicott, D.D. Lord Bishop of Gloucester 
and Bristol. Svo. 

Galatians, Fourth Edition, Ss. Gd. 

Ephesians, Fourth Edition, Ss.6d. 

Pastoral Epistles, Fourth Edition, 10s. Gd. 

Philippians, Colossians, and Philemon, 
Third Edition, 10s. Gd. 

Thessalonians, Third Edition, 7*. Gd. 

Historical Lectures on the Life of 

Our Lord Jesus Christ : being the Hulsean 
Lectures for 1859. By C. J. Ellicott, D.D. 
Fifth Edition. Svo. 12s. 

The Greek Testament; with Notes, 

Grammatical and Exegetical. By the Rev. 
W. Webster, M.A. and the Rev. W. F. 
Wilkinson, M.A. 2 vols. 8vo. £2. 4s. 

The Treasury of Bible Know- 
ledge ; being a Dictionary of the Books, 
Persons, Places, Events, and other Matters 
of which mention is made in Holy Scrip- 
ture. By Rev. J. Ayre, M.A. With 
Maps, 15 Plates, and numerous Woodcuts. 
Fcp. Svo. price. 6s. 

Every-day Scripture Difficulties 

explained and illustrated. By J. E. Pres- 
COTT, M.A. I. Matthew and Mark : II. Luke 
and John. 2 vols. Svo. price 9s. each. 

The Pentateuch and Book of 

Joshua Critically Examined. By the Eight 

Rev. J. W. Colenso, D.D. Lord Bishop of 

Natal. Crown Svo. price 6s. 
Part V. Genesis Analysed and Separated, 

and the Ages of its Writers determined 

Svo. 18s. 
Part VI. The Later Legislation of the 

Pentateuch. Svo. 24s. 

The Formation of Christendom. 

By T. W. Allies. Parts I. and II. Svo. 
price 12s. each. 

Four Discourses of Chrysostom, 

chiefly on the parable of the Rich Man and 
Lazarus. Translated by F. Allen, B.A. 
Crown 8vo. 3s. Gd. 

Thoughts for the Age. By Elizabeth 
M. Sewell, Author of 'Amy Herbert.' 
New Edition. Fcp. Svo. price 5s. 

Passing Thoughts on Religion, 

By Miss Sewell. Fcp. os. Gd. 



NEW WORKS published by LONGMANS and CO. 



Self-examination before Confirm- 
ation. By Miss Sewell. S2mo. Is. 6c?. 

Thoughts for the Holy Week, for 

Young Persons. By Miss Sewell. New 
Edition. Fcp. 8vo. 2s. 

Readings for a Month Prepara- 
tory to Confirmation, from Writers of the 
Early and English Church. By Miss 
Sewell. Fcp. 8vo. 4s. 

Readings for Every Day in Lent, 

compiled from the Writings of Bishop 
Jeremy Taylor. By Miss Sewell. 
Fcp. 5s. 

Preparation for the Holy Com- 
munion ; the Devotions chiefly from the 
■works of Jeremy Taylor. By Miss 
Sewell. 32mo. 3s. 

Bishop Jeremy Taylor's Entire 

Works; with Life by Bishop Hep.er. 
Eevised and corrected by the Eev. C. P 
Eden. 10 vols. 8vo. price £5. 5s. 



Traditions and Customs of Cathe" 

drals. By Mackenzie E. C. Walcott, 
B.D. F.S.A. Prsecentor and Prebendary of 
Chichester. Second Edition, revised and 
enlarged. Crown 8vo. price 6s. 

Spiritual Songs for the Sundays 

and Holidays throughout the Year. By 
J. S. B. Monsell, LL.D. Vicar of Egham 
and Rural Dean. Fourth Edition, Sixth 
Thousand. Fcp. price 4s. 6c?. 

Lyra Germanica, translated from the 
German by Miss C. Winkworth. First 
Series, the Christian Year, Hymns for the 
Sundays and Chief Festivals of the Church ; 
Second Series, the Christian Life. Fcp. 
8vo. price 3s. Qd. each Series. 

Endeavours after the Christian 

Life ; Discourses. By James Martlneau. 
Fourth Edition. Post 8vo. price 7s. Gd. 



Travels, Voyages, fyc. 



Rambles, by Patricius Walker. Ke- 
printed from Fraser's 3Iagazine ; with a 
Vignette of the Queen's Bower, in the New 
Forest. Crown 8vo. price 10s. 6(7. 

Slave-Catching in the Indian 

Ocean ; a Record of Naval Experiences. 
By Capt. Colomb, R.N. Svo. with Illustra- 
tions from Photographs, &c. price 21s. 

The Cruise of H.M.S. Curagoa 

among the South Sea Islands in 1865. By 
Julius Brenchley. M.A. F.R.G.S. 8vo. 
with Map and Plates. [Nearly ready. 

Six Months in California. By J. G. 

Player-Frowd. Post Svo. price 6s. 

The Japanese in America. By 

Charles Lanman, American Secretary, 
Japanese Legation, Washington, U.S.A. 
Post Svo. price 10s. 6c?. 

My Wife and I in Queensland ; 

Eight Years' Experience in the Colony, 
with some account of Polynesian Labour. 
By Charles H. Eden. With Map and 
Frontispiece. Crown 8vo. price 9s. 

Untrodden Peaks and Unfre- 
quented Valleys ; a Midsummer Ramble 
among the Dolomites. By Amelia B. 
Edwards, Author of ' Barbara's History ' 
&c. With a Map, and numerous Illustra- 
tions from Designs by the Author ; En- 
graved on Wood by E. Whymper. Medium 
Svo. uniform with Whymper's ' Scrambles 
in the Alps.' [Nearly ready. 



How to See Norway. By Captain 
J. R. Campbell. With Map and 5 Wood- 
cuts. Fcp. 8vo. price 5s. 

Pau and the Pyrenees. By Count 
Henry Russell, Member of the Alpine 
Club. With 2 Maps. Fcp. 8vo. price 5s. 

Hoiirs of Exercise in the Alps. 
By John Tyndall, LL.D., F.R.S. Third 
Edition, with Seven Woodcuts by E. Whym- 
per. Crown 8vo. price 12s. Gd. 

Cadore or Titian's Country. By 

Josiaii Gilbert, one of the Authors of the 
'Dolomite Mountains.' With Map, Fac- 
simile, and 40 Illustrations. Imp. Svo. 31s. 6c?. 

The Dolomite Mountains. Excur- 
sions through Tyrol, Carinthia, Carniola, 
and Friuli. By J. Gilbert and G. C. 
Churchill, F.R.G.S. With numerous 
Illustrations. Square crown 8vo. 21s. 

Travels in the Central Caucasus 

and Bashan, including Visits to Ararat and 
Tabreez and Ascents of Kazbek and Elbruz. 
By Douglas W. Freshfield. Square 
crown 8vo. with Maps, &c, 18s. 

Life in India ; a Series of Sketches 
shewing something of the Anglo-Indian, the 
Land he lives in, and the People among 
whom he lives. By Edward Braddon. 
Post 8vo. price 9s. 

c 



NEW WORKS published by LONGMANS and CO. 



The Alpine Club Map of the Chain. 

of Mont Blanc, from an actual Survey in 
18(53—1864. By A. Adams - Reilly, 
F.R.G.S. M.A.C. In Chrornolithograplry on 
extra stout drawing paper 28in. x 17in. 
price 10s. or mounted on canvas in a folding 
case, 12s. Gd. 

History of Discovery in our 

Australasian Colonies, Australia, Tasmania, 
and New Zealand, from the Earliest Date to 
the Present Day. By William Howitt. 
2 vols. 8vo. with 3 Maps, 20s. 

Visits to Remarkable Places: 

Old Halls, Battle-Fields, and Scenes illus- 
trative of striking Passages in English 
History and Poetry. By the same Author. 
2 vols, square crown 8vo. with Wood En- 
gravings, 25s. 

The Bural Life of England. 

By William Howitt. Woodcuts by 
Bewick and Williams. Medium 8vo. 12s. Gd. 



Guide to the Pyrenees, for the use 

of Mountaineers. By Charles Packe. 
Second Edition, with Maps, &c. and Appen- 
dix. Crown 8vo. 7s. Gd. 

The Alpine Guide. By John Ball 
M.R.I.A. late President of the Alpine Club. 
Post 8vo. with Maps and other Illustrations. 

The Guide to the Eastern Alps, 

price 10s. (;&?. 

The Guide to the Western Alps , 

including Mont Blanc, Monte Rosa, Zer- 
rnatt, etc. Price 6s. 6c?. 

Guide to the Central Alps, includ- 
ing all the Oberland District, price 7s. Gd. 

Introduction onAlpine Travelling 

in general, and on the Geology of the Alps, 
price Is. Either of the Three Volumes or 
Parts of the Alpine Guide maybe had with 
this Introduction prefixed, price Is. extra. 



Works of Fiction. 



The Burgomaster's Family; or, 

Weal and Woe in a Little World. By 
Christine Moller. Translated from the 
Dutch by Sir J. Shaw Lefevre, K.C.B. 
F.R.S. Crown Svo. price 6s. 

Popular Romances of the Middle 

Ages. By the Rev. George W. Cox, M .A. 
and Eustace Hinton Jones. Crown Svo. 
10s. Gd. 

Tales of the Teutonic Lands ; a 

Sequel to ' Popular Romances of the Middle 
Ages.' By George W. Cox, M.A. and 
Eustace Hinton Jones. Crown Svo. 
price 10s. Gd. 

Novels and Tales. By the Eight 

Hon. Benjamin Disraeli, M.P. Cabinet 
Editions, complete in Ten Volumes, crown 
Svo. price 6s. each, as follows : — 



Lothair, 6s. 

CONINGSBY, 6s. 

Sybil, 6s. 
Tancred, 6s. 



Venetia, 6s. 
Alroy, Ixion, &c. 6s. 
Young Duke, &c. 6s. 
Vivian Grey, 6s. 



Contarini Fleming, &c. 6s. 
Henrietta Temple, 6s. 

Cabinet Edition, in crown 8vo. 

Stories and Tales by Miss Sewell :— 



Amy Herbert, 2s. Gd. 
Gertrude, 2s. Gd. 
Earl's Daughter, 

2s. Gd. 
Experience of Life, 

2s. Gd. 
Cleve Hall, 2s. Gd.' 
Ivors,"2s. Gd. . 



Katharine Asiiton, 

2s. Gd. 
Margaret Peeci- 

val, 3s. Gd. 
Laneton Parson- 
age, 3s. Gd. 
Ursula, 3s. Gd. 



Becker's Gallus ; or, Koman Scenes of 
the Time of Augustus. Post 8vo. 7s. Gd. 

Becker's Charieles : Illustrative of 
Private Life of the Ancient Greeks. Post 
g Svo. 7s. Gd. 

Tales of Ancient Greece. By the Eev. 

G. W. Cox, M.A. late Scholar of Trim Coll. 
Oxford. Crown 8vo. price 6s. 6c?. 

Wonderful Stories from Norway, 

Sweden, and Iceland. Adapted and arranged 
bv Julia Goddard. With an Introductory 
Essay by the Rev. G. W. Cox, M.A. and 
Six Illustrations. Square post Svo. 6s. 

The Modern Novelist's Library: 

Melville's Digby Grand, 2s. boards ; 
2s. Gd. cloth. 

Gladiators, 2s. boards ; 2s. Gd. 



cloth. 



— Good for Nothing, 2s. boards ; 
cloth. 

— Holmby House, 2s. boards ; 



2s. 6c?. cloth. 
Interpreter, 2s. boards ; 2s. Gd. 



Kate Coventry, 2s. boards ; 

2s. Gd. cloth. 

Queen's Maries, 2s. boards ; 



2s. Gd. cloth. 
General Bounce, 2s. boards ; 

2s. 66?. cloth. 
Trollope's Warden Is. 66?. boards; 2s 

cloth. 
Barchester Towers, 2s. boards ; 

2s. 66?. cloth. 
Bramley-Moore's Six Sisters of the 

Valley s/2s. boards; 2s. 6c?. cloth. 



NEW WOEKS published by LONGMANS and CO. 



Poetry and The D 



Ballads and Lyries of Old France; 

with other Poems. By A. Lang, Fellow of 
Merton College, Oxford. Square fcp. 8vo. 
price 5s. 
Moore's Lalla Kookh, Tenniel's Edi- 
tion, with C8 Wood Engravings from 
Original Drawings. Fcp. 4to. 21s. 

Moore's Irish Melodies, Maclise's, 

Edition, with 161 Steel Plates from Original 
Drawings. Super-royal Svo. 81s. Gd. 

Miniature Edition of Moore's 

Irish Melodies, with Maclise's Illustrations 
(as above), reduced in Lithography. Imp. 
16mo. 10s. 6c?. 

Lays of Ancient Rome ; with Ivry 

and the Armada. By the Eight Hon. Lord 
Ma caul ay. 16mo. 3s. 6c?. 

Lord Macaulay's Lays of Ancient 

Rome. With 90 Illustrations on Wood, 
Original and from the Antique, from 
Drawings by G. Scharf. Fcp. 4to. 21s. 

Miniature Edition of Lord Ma- 
caulay's . Lays of Ancient Rome, with 
Scharf s Illustrations (as above) reducedin 
Lithography. Imp. 16mo. 10s. Gd. 

Southey's Poetical Works, with 

the Author's last Corrections and Copyright 
Additions. Library Edition. Medium Svo. 
with Portrait and Vignette, 14s. 



rama. 



Goldsmith's Poetical Works, Illus- 
trated with Wood Engravings from Designs 
by Members of the Etching Club. Imp. 
16mo. 7s. 66?. 

Poeras. By Jean Ingelow. 2 vols. 
Fcp. 8vo. price 10s. 

First Series, containing ' Divided, 
'The Star's Monument,' &c. Six-' 
teenth Thousand. Fcp. Svo. price 5s. 
Second Series, 'A Story of Doom,' 
'Gladys and her Island,' &c. Fifth 
Thousand. Fcp. Svo. price 5s. 

Poems by Jean Ingelow. First 

Series, with nearly 100 Illustrations en- 
graved on Wood. Fcp. 4to. 21s. 

Bowdler's Family Shakspeare 

cheaper Genuine Edition, complete in 1 vol. 
large type, with 36 Woodcut Illustrations, 
price 14s. or in 6 pocket vols. 3s. 6c?. each. 

Horatii Opera, Library Edition, with 
Copious English Notes, Marginal Eeferences 
and Various Readings. Edited by the Eev. 
J. E. Yonge, M.A. Svo. 21s. 

The Odes and Epodes of Horace ; 

a Metrical Translation into English, with 
Introduction and Commentaries. By Lord 
Lytton. Post Svo. price 10s. 6c?. 

The JEneid of Virgil Translated into 
English Verse. By the late J. Conington, 
M.A. New Edition. Crown Svo. 9s. 



Rural Sports $c. 



Eneyelopsedia of Rural Sports ; 

a Complete Account, Historical, Practical, 
and Descriptive, of Hunting, Shooting, 
Fishing, Eacing, &c. By D. P. Blaine. 
With above 600 Woodcuts (20 from Designs 
by John Leech). 8vo. 21s. 

The Dead Shot, or Sportsman's Com- 
plete Guide ; a Treatise on the Use of the 
Gun, Dog-breaking, Pigeon-shooting, &c. 
By Marksman. Fcp. Svo. with Plates, 5s. 

A Book On Angling: being a Com- 
plete Treatise on the Art of Angling in 
every branch, including full Illustrated 
Lists of Salmon Flies. By Francis Francis. 
New Edition, with Portrait and 15 other 
Plates, plain and coloured. Post 8vo. 15s. 

Wilcocks's Sea-Fisherman: com- 
prising the Chief Methods of Hook and Line 
Fishing in the British and other Seas, a 
glance at Nets, and remarks on Boats and 
Boating. Second Edition, enlarged, with 
SO Woodcuts. Post 8vo. 12s. 6c?. 



The Fly- Fisher's Entomology. 

By Alfred Eonalds. With coloured 
Representations of the Natural and Artifi- 
cial Insect. Sixth Edition, with 20 coloured 
Plates. Svo. 14s. 

The OS, his Diseases and their Treat- 
ment ; with an Essay on Parturition in the 
Cow. By J. R. Dobson, M.R.C.V.S. Crown 
Svo. with Illustrations, 7s. Gd. 

A Treatise on Horse-shoeing and 

Lameness. By Joseph Gamgee, Veteri- 
nary Surgeon, formerly Lecturer on the 
Principles and Practice of Farriery in the 
New Veterinary College, Edinburgh. Svo. 
with 55 Woodcuts, 15s. 

Blaine's Veterinary Art : a Treatise 

on the Anatomy, Physiology, and Curative 
Treatment of the Diseases of the Horse, 
Neat Cattle, and Sheep. Seventh Edition, 
revised and enlarged by C. Steel. 8vo. 
with Plates and Woodcuts, 18s. 



NEW WORKS published by LONGMANS and CO. 



Youatt on the Horse. Eevised and 

enlarged by W. Watson, M.E.C.V.S. 8vo. 
with numerous Woodcuts, 12s. Gd. 

Youatt on the Dog. By the same 
Author. 8vo. with numerous Woodcuts 
price 6s. 

Horses and Stables. By Colonel 

F. Fitzwygram, XV. the King's Hussars. 
With 24 Plates of Woodcut Illustrations, 
containing very numerous Figures. 8 vo. 15s. 

The Dog in Health and Disease. 

By Stonehenge. With 73 Wood En- 
gravings. New Edition, revised. Square 
crown 8vo. price 7s. Gd. 

The Greyhound. By the same Author. 
Eevised Edition, with 24 Portraits of Grey- 
hounds. Square crown Svo. 10s. Gd 



Stables and Stable Fittings. By 

W.MiLES,Esq. Imp. 8vo. with 13 Plates, 15s. 

The Horse's Foot, and how to keep 

it Sound. By W. Miles, Esq. Ninth Edi- 
tion, with Illustrations. Imp. 8vo. 12s. Gd. 

A Plain Treatise on Horse-shoe- 
ing. By the same Author. Sixth Edition, 
post 8vo. with Illustrations, 2s. Gd. 

Kemarks on Horses' Teeth, ad- 
dressed to Purchasers. By the same. Post 
8vo. Is. Gd. 

The _ Setter ; with Notices of the most 
Eminent Breeds now extant, Instructions 
how to Breed, Bear, and Break ; Dog 
Shows, Field Trials, and General Manage- 
ment, &c. By Edward Laverack. With 
2 Portraits of Setters. Crown 4to. 7s. Gd. 



Works of Utility and General Information. 



Chess Openings . By P. W. Longman, 
Balliol College, Oxford. Fcp. Svo. 2s. Gd. 

The Theory of the Modern Scien- 
tific Game of Whist. Bv William 
Pole, F.R.S. Mus. Doc. Oxon. Fifth 
Edition, enlarged. Fcp. Svo. price 2s. Gd. 

A Practical Treatise on Brewing ; 

with Formula? for Public Brewers, and In- 
structions for Private Families. By W 
Black. Fifth Edition. 8vo. 10s. Gd. 

The Theory and Practice of 

Banking. By Henry Dunning Maolzod, 
M.A. Barrister-at-Law. Second Edition, 
entirely remodelled. 2 vols. 8vo. 30s. 

Collieries and Colliers : a Handbook 
of the Law and Leading Cases relating 
thereto. By J. C. Fowler, Barrister. 
Third Edition. Fcp. Svo. 7s. 6d. 

Modern Cookery for Private 

Families, reduced to a System of Easy 
Practice in a Series of carefully-tested Re- 
ceipts. By Eliza Acton. IS! ewly revised 
and enlarged; with 8 Plates, Figures, and 
150 Woodcuts. Fcp. 6s. 

Maunder's Treasury of Know- 
ledge and Library of Reference : comprising 
an English Dictionary and Grammar, Uni- 
versal Gazetteer, Classical Dictionary, 
Chronology, Law Dictionary, Synopsis of 
the Peerage, Useful Tables, &c. Fcp. Svo. 6s. 

Pewtner's Comprehensive Speci- 
fier; a Guide to the Practical Specification 
of every kind of Building- Artificer's Work : 
with Forms of Building Conditions and 
Agreements, an Appendix, Foot-Notes, and 
Index. Edited by W. Young, Architect. 
Crown 8vo. Gs. 

M'Culloch's Dictionary, Prac- 
tical, Theoretical, and Historical, of Com- 
merce and Commercial Navigation. New 
Edition, revised throughout and corrected 
to the Present Time ; with a Biographical 
Notice of the Author. Edited by H. G. 
Reid. 8vo. price 63s. 



Hints to Mothers on the Manage- 
ment of their Health during the Period of 
Pregnancy and in the Lying-in Room. By 
Thomas Bull, M.D. Fcp. 8vo. price 5s. 

The Maternal Management of 

Children in Health and Disease. By Thomas 
Bi;ll, M.D. Fcp. Svo. price 5s. 

How to Nurse Sick Children; 

containing Directions which may be found 
of service to all who have charge of the 
Young. By Charles West, M.D. Second 
Edition. Fcp. 8vo. Is. Gd 

Notes on Lying-in Institutions ; 

with a Proposal for Organising an Institu- 
tion for Training Midwives and Midwifery 
Nurses. By Florence Nightingale. 
With 5 Plans. Square crown Svo. 7s. Gd. 

Blackstone Economised; being a 

Compendium of the Laws of England to the 
Present Time. ByD. M.Aird, of the Middle 
Temple, Barrister-at-Law. Post 8vo. 7s. 6c?. 

The Cabinet Lawyer ; a Popular 

Digest of the Laws of England, Civil, 
Criminal, and Constitutional. Twenty-third 
Edition, corrected and brought up to the 
Present Date. Fcp. 8vo. price 7s. 6c?. 

A Profitable Book upon Domestic 

Law. Essays for English Women and Law 
Students. By Perkins, Junior, M.A. 
Barrister-at-Law. Post Svo. price 10s. Gd. 

A History and Explanation of 

the Stamp Duties; containing Remarks on 
the Origin of the Stamp Duties and a His- 
tory of the Stamp Duties in this Country 
irom their Commencement to the Present 
Time. By Stephen Dowell, M.A. Assis- 
tant-Solicitor of Inland Revenue. Svo. 
price 12s. Gd. 

Willich's Popular Tables for As- 
certaining the Value of Lifehold, Leasehold, 
and Church Property, Renewal Fines, &c. 
with numerous useful Chemical, Geograph- 
ical, Astronomical, Trigonometrical Tables , 
&c. Post 8vo. 10s. 



INDEX. 



Acton's Modern Cookery 20 

Aied's Blackstone Economised 20 

Allies on Formation of Christendom 16 

Allen's Discourses of Chrysostom 10 

Alpine Guide (The) IS 

Amos's Jurisprudence 5 

Andeeson's Strength of Materials 9 

Arnold's Manual of English Literature . . 6 

Authority and Conscience 15 

Autumn Holidays of a Country Parson .... 7 

Ayee's Treasury of Bible Knowledge 10 

Bacon's Essays by Whately 5 

Life and Letters, by Speddixg . . 4 

Works 5 

Bain's Mental and Moral Science S 

on the Senses and Intellect 8 

Ball's Guide to the Central Alps 18 

Guide to the. Western Alps 18 

Guide to the Eastern Alps 18 

Batldon's Rents and Tillages 15 

Beckee's Charicles and GaUas IS 

Benfex's Sanskrit-English Dictionary 6 

Black's Treatise on Brewing 20 

Blackley's German-English Dictionary . . 6 

Blaine's Rural Sports 19 

Veterinary Art 19 

Bloxam's Metals 9 

Booth's Problem of the World and the 

Church 15 

Saint-Simon s 

Boultbee on 39 Articles 15 

Bouene's Catechism of the Steam Engine.. 14 

Handbook of Steam Engine 14 

Treatise on the Steam Engine 14 

Improvements in the same 14 

Bowdlee's Family Sbtakspeake 19 

Beaddon's Life in India 17 

Beamley-Mooee's Six Sisters of the Valley 18 
Beande's Dictionary of Science, Literature, 

and Art U 

Beat's Manual of Anthropology , s 

Philosophy of Necessity 8 

On Force 8 

Beee's Fallacies of Darwinism 11 

Beenchley's Cruise of the ' CaraQoa ' . . . . 17 

Beowxe's Exposition of the 39 Articles. . . . 16 

Beunel's Life of Beunel 4 

Buckle's History of Civilisation 2 

Posthumous Remains 7 

Bull's Hints to Mothers 20 

Maternal Management of Children . . 20 

Bunsen'S God in History 3 

Prayers 15 

Burgomaster's Family (The) „. ^8 

Bueee's Rise of Great Families .......... 5 

— ^ Vicissitudes of Families 5 



Bueton's Christian Church , 3 

Cabinet Lawyer 20 

Campbell's Norway 17 

Cates's Biographical Dictionary 4 

and Woodwaed's Encyclopaedia 2 

Cats and Faelie's Moral Emblems 13 

Changed Aspects of Unchanged Truths .... 7 

Cuesney's Indian Polity 2- 

Waterloo Campaign 2 

Chorale Book for England 13 

Christ the Consoler 15 

CLOUGn's Lives from Plutarch 2 

CODEINGTON'S (Admiral) Memoirs 4 

Colenso on Pentateuch and Book of Joshua 10 
The Speaker's Bible Commen- 
tary 15 

Collins's Perspective 14 

Colomb's Slave Catching in the Indian 

Ocean 17 

Commonplace Philosopher in Town and 

Country, by A. K. H. B 7 

Conington's Translation of Virgil's iEneid 19 

Miscellaneous Writings — 7 

Contanseau's Two French Dictionaries .. 6 
Conybeaee and;Ho"WSON'sLifc and Epistles 

of St. Paul 10 

Cooke's Grotesque Animals 13 

Cooper's Surgical Dictionary 12 

Copland's Dictionary of Practical Medicine 13 

Cotton's Memoir and Correspondence .... 4 

Counsel and Comfort from a City Pulpit . . 7 

Cox's (G. W.) Aryan Mythology 3 

History of Greece 2 

Tale of the Great Persian War 2 

Tales of Ancient Greece .... IS 

and Jones's Romances IS 

Teutonic Tales.. 18 

Ceeasy on British Constitution 2 

Ceesy's Encyclopaedia of Civil Engineering 14 

Critical Essays of a Country Parson 7 

Ceookes on Beet-Root Sugar 15 

's Chemical Analysis 12 

Culley's Handbook of Telegraphy 14 

Cusack's Student's History of Ireland .... 2 

Davidson's Introduction to New Testament 16 

Dend Shot (The), by Marksman 19 

De Caisne and Le Maout's Botany n 

De Moegan's Paradoxes 7 

Denison's Vice-Regal Life ^ l 

Diseaeli's Lord George Bentinck 4 

Novels aud Tales 13 

Doeson on the Ox 19 

Dove's Law of Storms 9 

Do-well on Stamp Duties 20 

Doyle's Fairyland 13 

Deeav's Reasons of Faith 15 



22 



NEW WORKS published by LONGMANS and CO. 



Eastlake's Gothic Revival 14 

Hints or. Household Taste .... 14 

Eaton's Musical Criticism and Biography 4 

Eden's Queensland 17 

Edwards's Rambles among the Dolomites 17 

Elements of Botany 11 

Ellicott's Commentary on Ephesians .... 16 

Galatians .... 16 

Pastoral Epist. 16 

— Philippians,&c. 16 

Thcssalonians 16 

's Lectures on Life of Christ 16 

Eeichsen's Surgery 12 

Evans's Ancient Stone Implements 11 

Ewald's History of Israel 10 

Faiebaien's Application of Cast and 

Wrought Iron to Building '.. 14 

Information for Engineers 14 

Treatise on Mills and Mill work 14 

Eaeadat's Life and Letters 4 

Fitzwygram on Horses and Stables 20 

Fowler's Collieries and Colliers 20 

Feancis's Fishing Book 19 

Freshfield's Travels in the Caucasus .... 17 

Feoude's English in Ireland 1 

History of England 1 

■ Short Studies 7 

Gahgee on Horse-Shoeing 19 

Ganot's Elementary Physics ,. . . 9 

Natural Philosophy ...:.... 9 

Gaeeod's Materia Medica 13 

Gilbeet's Cadore 17 

and Churchill's Dolomites 17 

Giedlestone's Bible Synonyms 15 

Girtin's House I Live In 12 

Gledstone's Life of Whitefield 4 

Goddaed's Wonderful Stories 18 

Goldsmith's Poems, Illustrated 19 

Goodeye's Mechanism 9 

Geaham's Autobiography of Milton 4 

— View of Literature and Art .... 2 

Grant's Ethics of Aristotle 5 

Graver Thoughts of a Country Parson 7 

Gray's Anatomy 12 

Greenhow on Bronchitis 12 

Griffin's Algebra and Trigonometry .... 9 

Griffith's Fundamentals 15 

Grove on Correlation of Physical Forces . . 9 

Gurney's Chapters of French History 2 

Gwilt's Encyclopaedia of Architecture .... 14 



i on Election of Representatives 7 

Hartwig's Aeriel World 10 

Harmonies of Nature 10 

Polar World 10 

Sea and its Living Wonders .... 10 

■ Subterranean World 10 

Tropical World 10 

Hatheeton's Memoir and Correspondence 2 

Haughton's Animal Mechanics 10 

Hayvtaed's Biographical and Critical Essays 4 

Helmholtz's Scientific Lectures 9 

Hemslei's Trees, Shrubs, and Herbaceous 

Pants 11 

Heeschel's Outlines of Astronomy 8 



Hewitt on the Diseases of Women 12 

Hodgson's Time and Space 8 

Theory of Practice 8 

Holland's Recollections 4 

Holmes's Surgical Treatment of Children . . 12 

System of Surgery 12 

Hoyvttt's Austral ian Discovery 18 

Rural Life of England IS 

Visits to Remarkable Places .... 18 

HiiBNER's Pope Sixtus the Fifth 4 

Humboldt's Life 4 

Hume's Essays 8 

Treatise on Human Nature 8 

Ihne's History of Rome , 3 

Ingelo>y's Poems 19 

James's Christian Counsels 15 

Jameson's Legends of Saints and Martyrs . . 13 

— Legends of the Madonna 13 

Legends of the Monastic Orders 13 

Legends of the Saviour 13 

Jamieson on Causality 6 

Jaedine's Christian Sacerdotalism 15 

Johnston's Geographical Dictionary 9 

Kalisch's Commentary on the Bible 6 

Keith on Destiny of the World 16 

Fulfilment of Prophecy 16 

Kenton's (Lord) Life 1 4 

Keel's Metallurgy, by Ceookes and 

Rohrig 15 

Kirby and Spence's Entomology 10 

Lang's Ballads and Lyrics 19 

Lanman's Japanese in America 17 

Latham's English Dictionary 6 

Laughton's Nautical Surveying' 9 

Layerack's Setters 20 

Lecky's History of European Morals 3 

Nationalism 3 

Leaders of Public Opinion 4 

Leisure Hours in Town, by A. K. H. B 7 

Lessons of Middle Age, by A, K. H. B 7 

Lewes's Biographical History of Philosophy 3 

Libdell & Scott's Greek-English Lexicons 6 

Life of Man Symbolised 13 

Lindley and Mooee's Treasury of Botany 11 

Longman's Edward the Third 2 

Lectures on History of England 1 

Chess Openings 20 

Loudon's Encyclopaedia of Agriculture .... 15 

Gardening 15 

Plants 11 

Lubboce's Origin of Civilisation 10 

Lytton's Odes of Horace 19 

Lyra Germanica 13, 17 

Macaulay's (Lord) Essays 3 

History of England .. 1 

Lays of Ancient Rome 19 

Miscellaneous Writings 7 

Speeches 6 

Works 1 

MACLEOD'sTrinciples of.Economical Philo- 
sophy 5 



NEW WORKS published by LONGMANS and CO. 



MacLeod's Dictionary of Political Economy 

Theory and Practice of Banking 

McCulloch's Dictionary of Commerce 

Mankind, their Origin and Destiny 

Manning's England and Christendom .... 

Mabcet's Natural Philosophy 

Marshall's Physiology 

Maeshman's History of India 

Life of Havelock 

Maetineau's Endeavours after the Chris- 
tian Life 

Massingberd's History of the Reformation 

Mathews on Colonial Question 

Matjndee's Biographical Treasury 

Geographical Treasury 

Historical Treasury 

Scientific and Literary Treasury 

Treasury of Knowledge 

. — Treasury of Natural History . . 

Maxwell's Theory of Heat 

Mat's Constitutional History of England.. 

Melville's Digby Grand 

General Bounce 

■ ■ Gladiators 

• Good for Nothing 

Holmby House 

Interpreter 

— Kate Coventry 

Queen's Maries 



Mendelssohn's Letters 

Meeiv axe's Pall of the Roman Republic . . 

Romans under the Empire 

Meeeifield's Arithmetic and Mensuration 

Magnetism 

Miles on Horse's Foi t and Horse Shoeing . 

on Horses' Teeth and Stables 

Mile (J.) on the Mind 

Mill (J. S.) on Liberty 

Subjection of Women 

on Representative Government 

on Utilitarianism 

's Dissertations and Discussions. 



Political Economy 

System of Logic 

Hamilton's Philosophy 

Millee's Elements of Chemistry 

Inorganic Chemistry 

Mitchell's Manual of Architecture 

Manual of Assaying 

Moxsell's ' Spiritual Songs ' 

Mooee's Irish Melodies, illustrated .. 

LallaRookh, illustrated .. 

Moeell's Elements of Psychology . . 
Mental Philosophy 



Mossm an's Christian Church 

Mullee's Chips from a German Workshop 

Science of Language 

Science of Religion 

Muechison on Liver Complaints 

on Continued Fevers 



Nash's Compendium of the Prayer-Book . . 15 
New Testament Illustrated with Wood En- 
gravings from the Old Masters 13 

Newman's Apologia pro Vita- Sua- 5 

Nightingale on Lying-in Institutions . . 20 

Nilsson's Scandinavia 10 

Noethcott on Lathes and Turning 14 

O'Connor's Commentary on Hebrews .... 10 
Romans ...... lo 



Odling's Course of Practical Chemistry . . 11 
Owen's Comparative Anatomy and Physio- 
logy of Vertebrate Animals 10 

Lectures on the Invertebrata 10 

Packe's Guide to the Pyrenees 13 

Paget's Lectures on Surgical Pathology . . 12 

Peeeiea's Elements of Materia Medica 13 

Peekin's Profitable Book on Domestic Law 20 

Peeeing's Churches and Creeds 15 

Pewtnee's Comprehensive Specifier 20 

Player-Frowd's California 17 

Pole's Game of Whist 20 

Prendergast's Mastery of Languages 6 

Prescott's Scripture Difficulties 16 

Present-Day Thoughts, by A. K. H. B 7 

Proctor's Astromomical Essays 8 

Orbs around Us 8 

Plurality of Worlds 8 

Saturn 8 

Scientific Essays 10 

■ Star Atlas 9 

Star Depths 8 

Sun 8 

Public Schools Atlas 9 

Quain's Anatomy 12 

Raneen on Strains in Trusses 14 

Bawl-in son's Parthia 2 

Recreations of a Country Parson, by 

A.K.H.B 7 

Reeve's Royal and Republican France .... 2 

Reichel's See of Rome 14 

Reillt's Map of Mont Blanc IS 

Bicn's Dictionary of Antiquities 6 

Rivers's Rose Amateur's Guide 11 

Rogees's Eclipse of Faith 7 

Defence of Eclipse of Faith 7 

Roget's Thesaurus of English Words and 

Phrases 6 

Ronalds's Fly-Eisher's Entomology 19 

Rose's Loyola 16 

Rothschild's Israelites 16 

Russell's Pan and the Pyrenees 17 

Russell (Earl) on the Rise and Progress of 

the Christian Religion 3 

Sandaes's Justinian's Institutes 5 

Sanpoed's English Kings 1 

Savoet's Geometric Turning 14 

Schellen's Spectrum Analysis 8 

Scott's Lectures on the Fine Arts 13 

Albert Durer 13 

Seaside Musing, by A. K. H. B 7 

Seebohm's Oxford Reformers of 1498 2 

Sewell's History of the Early Church .... 3 

Passing Thoughts on Religion . . 16 

Preparation for Communion .... 17 

— Readings for Confirmation 17 

Readings for Lent 17 

Examination for Confirmation .. 17 

Stories and Tales 18 

Thoughts for the Age 16 

Thoughts for the Holy Week .... 17 

Shipley's Essays on Ecclesiastical Reform 15 

Shoet's Church History 3 



r- 



NEW WOKKS published by LONGMANS and CO. 



Smith's Paul's Voyage and Shipwreck — 16 

(Sydney) Life and Letters 4 

1 Miscellaneous Works . . 7 

"Wit and Wisdom 7 

(Dr. Hy.) Handbook for Midwives 12 

_ (Dr. R. A.) Air and Rain 8 

Southey's Doctor 6 

Poetical Works 19 

Stanley's History of British Birds 10 

Stephen's Ecclesiastical Biography 4 

Stieling's Philosophy of Law 7 

■ Protoplasm 8 

Secret of Hegel 7 

, Sir William Hamilton. 

Stockmae's Memoirs 

Stonehenge on the Dog 

■ on the Greyhound 



1 

?0 

20 

Steickland's Queens of England 5 

Stttaet-Glennie's Morningland 7 

Sunday Afternoons at the Parish Church of 
a University City, by A. K . H. B 7 



Tayloe's History of India 2 

(Jeremy) Works, edited by Eden 17 

Text -Books of Science 9 

Thielw all's History of Greece 2 

Thomson's Laws of Thought 5 

Thudichdm's Chemical Physiology 12 

Todd (A.) on Parliamentary Government . . 1 
and Bowman's Anatomy and Phy- 
siology of Man 13 

Teench's Realities of Irish Lire 2 

Teollope's Barchester Towers 18 

■ Warden IS 

Tynd all's American Lectures on Light 10 

■ Diamaguetism 10 

Faraday as a Discoverer 4 

Fragments of Science 9 

Hours of Exercise in the Alps. . 17 

■ Lectures on Electricity 10 

Lectures on Light 10 

— Lectures on Sound 10 

Heat a Mode of Motion 10 

Molecular Physics 11 



Uebeeweg's System of Logic 



Use's Dictionary of Arts, Manufactures, and 
Mines li 



Vogan's Doctrine of the Euchrist 15 



Walcott's Traditions of Cathedrals 17 

Walkee's (Pateicius) Rambles 17 

Watson's Geometry 9 

Principles and Practice of Physic 12 

Watts's Dictionary of Chemistry 11 

Webb's Objects for Common Telescopes — 9 

Webstee & Wilkinson's Greek Testament 16 

Weinhold's Experimental Physics 9 

Wellington's Life, by Gleig 4 

West on Children's Diseases 12 

on Children's Nervous Disorders .... 12 

on Nursing Sick Children 20 

Whately's English Synonymes 5 

Logic 5 

Rhetoric 5 

White and Riddle's Latin Dictionaries . . 6 

Wilcocks's Sea Fisherman 19 

Williams's Aristotle's Ethics 5 

Williams on Climate 12 

on Consumption. 12 

Willich's Popular Tables 20 

Willis's Principles of Mechanism 14 

Winslow on Light 10 

Wood's (J. G.) Bible Animals 11 

Homes without Hands .... 10 

. Insects at Home 10 

Insects Abroad 10 

Strange Dwellings 10 

(T.) Chemical Notes 12 

Woedswoeth's Christian Ministry ........ 15 



Yonge's History of England 1 

English-Greek Lexicons 6 

Horace 19 

English Literature 6 

Modern History 3 

Youatt on the Dog 20 

on the Horse 20 



Zellee's Socrates 

Stoics, Epicureans, and Sceptics. 



SrOTTISWOODE AND CO., 



PRINTERS, NEW-STREET SQUARE, LONDON, 



